Stage 1 Product Design

Product needs are translated into properties constraints of molecule 

Note that the procedure is designed specifically for product design problem where different classes of property prediction models are used and the molecular structure of the product is represented by using molecular signature descriptors. The detail of each step is discussed as follows. 

2 Identify target properties and determine target property ranges 

After the identification of target property ranges, suitable property prediction models which estimate the target properties of the product are identified. Different classes of property prediction models such as property prediction models developed from GC method or Tls 

4 Form property prediction models as normalised property operators 

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The models presented correctly predict blend time and reaction product distribution. The reaction model correctly predicts the effects of scale, impeller speed, and feed location. This shows that such models can provide valuable tools for designing chemical reactors. Process problems may be avoided by using CFM early in the design stage. When designing an industrial chemical reactor it is recommended that the values of the model constants are determined on a laboratory scale. The reaction model constants can then be used to optimize the product conversion on the production scale varying agitator speed and feed position. 

Another factor to consider in the early stages of design is material selection in relation to cost per volume rather than by weight. This subject volume vs. weight will be reviewed latter in this chapter entitled Analysis Method. Since the material value in a plastic product is usually over one-half of its overall cost, it becomes important to select a candidate material with extraordinary care. 

The process of analyzing designs includes the modes of failure analysis. At an early stage the designer should try to anticipate how and where a design is most likely to fail. A few examples of potential problems due to loading conditions on products are reviewed. 

The percentage of the overall impact allocated to each stage of the life-cycle can then be displayed as a simple bar chart. This allows attention to be focused on the stage with maximum environmental impact, where green product design will have most effect. 

Information on manufacturing processes, equipment parameters, materials of construction, costs and the physical properties of process materials are needed at all stages of design from the initial screening of possible processes, to the plant start-up and production. 

Figure 2 Different stages of product design and development...

This final Pures step is the last stage of manufacture for the API and may be considered as the API Product design step. It will be the focus of this chapter s case study, using the generic drug molecule Cimetidine as an example. 

For industrial products, the remaining four steps are elucidated in Fig. 10.4-1. After the Concept Development step (see Fig. 10.3-2), preliminary product design occurs in the Feasibility step of the Stage-Gate process - which is not applicable for epitaxial thin films of silicon, as prototype thin films are normally not needed. 

In the Development stage, detailed product design is carried out. This is the key step for the chemical vapor deposition of thin silicon films. As described in the next section, to obtain uniform thin films rapidly, it is desirable to optimize the design of the plasma-enhanced, chemical-vapor-deposition (PECVD) reactor. 

Separations Separation processes and staged processes must be considered along with the performance of the individual reactor. The performance of the integrated system must be considered in all stages of design. Very important in the overall process are the yield of the desired product and the separation and disposal of byproducts, and separation capabilities can dominate these issues. 

The development cycle of a product can be separated into three stages, which are product design, process design and manufacturing. In Table 4.1, copied from reference [8], is shown in what stage countermeasures against the three types of noise factors can be taken. As can be seen countermen-... 

Many nanoproducts either release ENMs into the wastewater stream during use (collected and treated) or release the bulk of the ENMs only during end-of-life-treatment. In this indirect release, ENMs are potentially removed in the effluent or discharge from treatment (waste incineration plant, wastewater treatment). One should, however, keep in mind that only carbonaceous materials can be definitively destroyed in treatment. Metals and metal oxides may be retained but will persist. Measures to prevent the entry of ENMs into the environment for products with indirect ENM release could be taken at the product design and manufacturing stage or at the treatment stage. 

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