Stable isotope techniques

Rabinowitz M.B., Wetherill G.W. Identified sources of lead contamination by stable isotope techniques. Environ Sci Technol 1972 1 6 705-709. 

Taylor, B.E. 2004. Fluorination Methods in Stable Isotope Analysis. In DeGroot, P.A.jed.), Handbook of Stable Isotope Techniques, 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 400-472. 

Recent work by Wilson Orr ( ) and others using stable isotope techniques has provided strong evidence that incorporation from an inorganic source is the most probable explanation. Inorganic sulphur (sulphate) tends to be richer in the heavy sulphur isotope, compared with reference meteoritic sulphur... 

Braden B, Haisch M, Duan LP et al (1994) Clinically feasible stable-isotope technique at a reasonable price - analysis of 13C02/12C02-abundance in breath samples with a new isotope selective nondispersive infrared spectrometer. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 32(12) 675-678... 

Nijenhuis I, Nikolausz M, Koth A, Felfoldi T, Weiss H, Drangmeister J, GroBmann J, Kastner M, Richnow H-H (2007) Assessment of the Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Ethenes in an Anaerobic Contaminated Aquifer in the Bitterfeld/Wolfen Area Using Stable Isotope Techniques, Microcosm Studies and Molecular Biomarkers. Chemosphere 67 300... 

Eichelbaum, M., Dengler, H. J., Somogyi, A., and von Unruh, G. E. (1981). Superiority of stable isotope techniques in the assessment of the bioavailability of drugs undergoing extensive first pass elimination. Studies on the relative bioavailability of verapamil tablets. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 19, 127-131. 

The biosynthesis of virginiamycin Ml in Streptomyces virginiae has been studied using both radiolabeled precursors (63) and stable isotope techniques (45, 63-65). Incorporation of [2-l4C]acetate, L-[methyl-3H]methionine, dl-3-14C]serine, L-[3,4-3H2]proline, and [2-14C]glycine established these compounds as the main precursors (63). The assumption that carbons 2, 26, 27, and 28 arose from valine was supported by the observation that no incorporation of appropriately labeled mevalonolactone was observed (65). On the basis of the radio-... 

A series of experiments were initiated to examine the effects of dietary fibers on the plasma uptake of an oral dose of manganese in humans. Stable isotope techniques are the ideal methods for measuring the intestinal absorption of minerals however this technique is impossible for manganese because of its monoisotopic nature (14). Also, ethical considerations prohibit the use of radioactive forms of manganese. Thus, a technique which was both relatively easy to conduct and safe to administer repeatedly to the same subject was developed. 

Methods for studying zinc bioavailability in humans include metabolic balance studies, radioisotopic techniques, stable isotope techniques, circulating zinc response, and perfusion techniques. These methods of bioavailability, along with other zinc-related studies, also are covered in detail. 

Stable Isotope Techniques. Although the availability of radioiron isotopes has facilitated our understanding of iron nutrition, their utilization is becoming restricted for safety and ethical reasons, especially when infants, children, and women are involved. The availability of enriched stable iron isotopes (Table I) and methodologies for quantifying them make stable isotopes a feasible alternative to radioisotopes as biological tracers. Neutron activation analysis and mass spectrometry are currently available to nutritionists for quantifying stable isotopes of minerals. 

It appears likely that the application of stable isotope techniques to the study of paleonutrition will continue. Carbon isotopes have been shown to be useful to trace the introductions of tropical Ck crops into temperate regions where C3 plants predominate. Other recent studies with carbon isotopes have demonstrated that seafoods are more enriched in than terrestrial foods, and that the proportions of marine vs land-derived foods can be estimated in prehistoric coastal people ( ). Elements other than carbon may demonstrate isotopic distributions that will provide useful dietary information. For example, ratios of... 

Punshon, S., and Moore, R. M. (2004). A stable isotope technique for measuring production and consumption rates of nitrous oxide in coastal waters. Mar. Chem. 86, 159-168. 

The principal focus of this review is on the analysis of the organic matter in the Murchison CM2 chondrite, together with data from other meteorites, where it can be shown that they have not been compromised by terrestrial contamination. It primarily covers work undertaken since 1980, a period that has seen the increasing use of stable-isotopic techniques to elucidate the sources of meteoritic organic matter, improved methods to study the structure of organic matter such as NMR, and the first in situ examinations of organic matter in meteorites these approaches have provided significant advances in our... 

Johnston J. C. and Thiemens M. H. (2003) In Handbook of Stable Isotope Techniques (ed. P. de Grout). Elsevier, Holland. 

B. Vogelgesang, H. Echizen, E. Schmidt, and M. Eichelbaum, Stereoselective first-pass metabolism of highly cleared drugs Studies of the bioavailability of L- and D-verapamil examined with a stable isotope technique, Br. /. Clin. Pharmacy.. 18 733-740 (1984). 

JX Sun, AJ Piraino, JM Morgan, JC Joshi, A Cipriano, K Chan, E Redalieu. Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of nitroglycerine and its metabolites from Transderm-Nitro, Nitodisc, and Nitro-Dur II systems using a stable-isotope technique. J Clin Pharmacol 35 390—397, 1995. 

K Hage, K Buhl, C Fischer, NG Knebel. Estimation of the absolute bioavailability of flecainide using stable isotope technique. EurJ Clin Pharmacol 48 51—55,1994. 

L Bertilsson, B Flojer, G Tybring, J Osterloh, A Rane. Autoinduction of carba-mazepine metabolism in children examined by a stable isotope technique. Clin Pharmacol Ther 27 83-88, 1980. 

Y Shinohara, K Nagao, N Akutsu, S Baba. Assessment of the metabolic chiral inversion of suprofen in rat by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with a stable isotope technique. J Pharm Sci 83 1521—1523, 1994. 

TR Browne. Stable isotope techniques in early drug development an economic evaluation. J Clin Pharmacol 8 213—220, 1998. 

The stable isotope technique described above was used to compare nicotine kinetics in smokers and nonsmokers (Benowitz and Jacob 1993). Labeled (S)-(-)-nicotine was infused intravenously for 30 minutes, and blood and urine samples were collected for 96 hours. Smokers and nonsmokers received the same low dose of nicotine (0.5 micrograms per kilogram per minute (g/kg/min)), and on another day the smokers also received a higher dose of nicotine (2.0 g/kg/min) that resulted in plasma nicotine concentrations similar to those they achieve with smoking. Nonsmokers are unable to tolerate this dose due to toxicity. 

C Fischer, F Schonberger, W Muck, K Heuck, M Eichelbaum. Simultaneous assessment of the intravenous and oral disposition of the enantiomers of racemic nimodi-pine by chiral stationary-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy combined with a stable isotope technique. J... 

Prodolliet J., Baumgartner M., Martin Y.L. and Remaud G. (1998) Determination of the geographic origin of green coffee by stable isotope techniques. 17th. Int. Colloq. Chem. Coffee (Nairobi, 20-25.7.1997) (ASIC, 1998), 197-200. 

As demonstrated by the chapters in this short course, stable isotope techniques are an important tool in almost every branch of the earth sciences. Central to many of these applications is a quantitative understanding of equilibrium isotope partitioning between substances. Indeed, it was Harold Urey s (1947) thermodynamically based estimate of the temperature-dependence of fractionation between calcium carbonate and water,... 

---