Stabilizing Wetting properties

Ethers, esters, amides and imidazolidines containing an epithio group are said to be effective in enhancing the antiwear and extreme pressure peiformance of lubricants. Other uses of thiiranes are as follows fuel gas odorant (2-methylthiirane), improvement of antistatic and wetting properties of fibers and films [poly(ethyleneglycol) ethers of 2-hydroxymethyl thiirane], inhibition of alkene metathesis (2-methylthiirane), stabilizers for poly(thiirane) (halogen adducts of thiiranes), enhancement of respiration of tobacco leaves (thiirane), tobacco additives to reduce nicotine and to reduce phenol levels in smoke [2-(methoxymethyl)thiirane], stabilizers for trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (2-methylthiirane, 2-hydroxymethylthiirane) and stabilizers for organic compounds (0,0-dialkyldithiophosphate esters of 2-mercaptomethylthiirane). The product of the reaction of aniline with thiirane is reported to be useful in the flotation of zinc sulfide. 

There are some interesting examples of industrial cleaners based on alkanesulfonates other than in the I I segment. The wetting properties and the stability against hydrolysis make possible a broad spectrum of tailor-made products for neutral, alkaline, and acid media as well. Examples are the cleaning of trucks, busses, railway fuel cars, and airplanes (Table 31). 

Because of their good stability, wetting, and leveling properties ether carboxylates are used for vat dyeing of cellulosic fibers [170,171],... 

DN. The dinitro general contact weed killers are usually formulated with some oil. In these, the oil serves as both solvent and filming agent. The emulsifier is usually also incorporated to stabilize the emulsion and give wetting properties. To lower costs and conserve oil, it is desirable to use the minimum effective volume in these sprays. Possibly some of the penetrating oils may fit into this n ed. No research is known that is designed specifically to find the best oil for this purpose. 

The wetting properties of the particles play a crucial role in flotation. We have already discussed the equilibrium position of a particle in the water-air interface (Section 7.2.2). The higher the contact angle the more stably a particle is attached to the bubble (Eq. 7.19) and the more likely it will be incorporated into the froth. Some minerals naturally have a hydrophobic surface and thus a high flotation efficiency. For other minerals surfactants are used to improve the separation. These are called collectors, which adsorb selectively on the mineral and render its surface hydrophobic. Activators support the collectors. Depressants reduce the collector s effect. Frothing agents increase the stability of the foam. 

Dispersion behaviour in systems with liquid/liquid or liquid/gas interfaces (i.e. droplet or bubbles) has traditionally been described in terms of rheological properties, wetting properties, including contact angle and interfacial tensions, or phase behaviour and stability measurements. Direct force measurements provide a means to fundamentally probe the interactions between deformable interfaces that significantly impact the dispersion (or emulsion) behaviour. 

These sulfonates are still valued as anionic surfactants for consumer products. The secondary alkanesulfonates are known to have high solubility, fast wetting properties, chemical stability to alkali, acids, and strong oxidants such as chlorine. 

Phosphate esters possess strong tolerance to electrolytes and alkalis. Their wetting properties are independent of the pH and, therefore, are used as surfactant components in both alkaline and acid cleaners (5). Their detergent properties are considered equal to nonionic surfactants, and they have excellent temperature stability. In their acid form, phosphate esters are moderately strong acids and, when neutralized to pH 5-8, have low order of toxicity. Phosphate esters are considered to be hydrotrope agents and are biodegradable. 

By using a recently developed magnesium hydride technology, the trisiloxane lyophobic part in superspreading surfactants can be substituted by a trimethylsilane moiety. This synthetic route leads to both nonionic and ionic silane surfactants, which are hydrolytically stable even under extreme pH. Aqueous solutions of these new surfactants exhibit surface tension and wetting properties comparable to the traditional organomodified trisiloxane surfactants. The combination of hydrolytic stability and biodegradability offers chance for the widespread application of these silane based surfactants. 

Uses Emulsifier for emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate, acrylates, methacrylates, styrene, butadiene for paints, adhesives, paper, textile, and industrial coatings stabilizer wetting agent, dispersant for agric. formulations food pkg. adhesives, paper Features Provides mech. and freeze/thaw stability Regulatory FDA21CFR 175.105,176.180 BGA XIV compliance Properties Pale yel. liq. sp.gr. 1.06 vise. Ill cks pour pt. 8 C surf. tens. 40 dynes/cm (1%) anionic 30% solids Abex EP-277 [Rhodia HPCII]... 

Uses Emulsifier, stabilizer, wetting agent for floor polishes, waxes, paints, personal care prods. polymerization surfactant for vinyl acetate and acrylic emulsions latex stabilizer dyeing assistant for acid and azo dyes emulsifier in mfg. of food-contact articles Features Effective at elevated temps, or in cone, electrolytes Regulatory FDA 21CFR 178.3400, EPA compliance Properties Off-wh. wax aromatic odor sol. in ethanol, water, ethylene dichloride sp.gr. 1.10 (50 C) HLB 18.2 cloud pt. > 100 C (1% aq.) flash pt. (PMCC) > 200 F pour pt. 114 02 F Ross-Miles foam 100 mm (0.1% aq., initial) nonionic 100% cone. 

Chem. Descrip. Oil-modified sebacic acid alkyd polymeric plasticizer Uses Plasticizer for PVB, NC films, fabric coatings ethyl cellulose cable, paper, wood, and metal lacquers grinding medium for NC lacquers Features Permanent exc. pigment wetting and stability props. Properties Yel. vise, liq. sol. in aromatic hydrocarbons and in mixts. with ethanol, butanol, and ethyl acetate sp.gr. 0.998 vise. (G-H) Z2 acid no. 3.5 max. flash pt. 288 C fire pt. 313 C Uniflex DBS [Arizona Eastech]... 

Strong froth excellent cell life stability excellent wetting properties low freezing point low volatility... 

Synonyms PEG-33 cetyl/stearyl ether PEG (33) cetyl/stearyl ether POE (33) cetyl/stearyl ether Definition PEG ether of cetearyl alcohol Formuia R(OCH2CH2)nOH, R = blend of cetyl and stearyl radicals, avg. n = 33 Properties Nonionic Toxicoiogy TSCA listed Uses Emulsifier, gellant, stabilizer, wetting agent, detergent, dispersant, solubilizer for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals in food-contact textiles... 

Empirical C21H40O4 Properties M.w. 356.61 Toxicology Primary irritant TSCA listed Uses Emulsifier, coemulsifier, stabilizer, wetting agent, lubricant, and antistat in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, foods, industrial applies. 

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