Spread of Infection

These observations taken together clearly indicate that the receptor specificities of HA and sialidase are important determinants for the tissue tropism and host range of influenza viruses. It is likely that receptor specificity also controls pathogenicity, but this concept has to be proven by further experimental data. 

Varghese, J. N., Laver, W. G., Air, G. M., and Colman, P. M., 1987, Three-dimensional structure of neuraminidase of subtype N9 from an avian influenza virus. Proteins 2 111-117. 

and Paulson, J. C., 1991, The N2 neuraminidase of human influenza virus has 

Bilsel, R, Castrucci, M., and Kawaoka, Y., 1993, Mutations in the cytoplasmatic tail of influenza A virus neuraminidase affect incorporation into virions, J. Virol. 61 6162-6161. 

Lilley, G. G., Woods, E. F., Roxburgh, C. M., and Inglis, E. S., 1982, Studies on the size, chemical composition and partial sequence of the neuraminidase (NA) from type A influenza virus show that the N-terminal region of the NA is not processed and serves to anchor the NA in the viral membrane. Virology 119 109-121. 

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Disposable polypropylene nonwoven fabrics are widely used as the coverstock for disposable baby diapers. The expansion of the disposable diaper market throughout the world has been the primary source of growth in the consumption of polypropylene in the fiber market. In addition, nonwoven polypropylene fabrics are used in a variety of other disposable sanitary products, such as baby wipes, adult incontinence, and feminine hygiene products. Use of polypropylene nonwovens in disposable medical apparel, such as surgical gowns, has increased as a means of reducing the spread of infection. 

A variety of chemical products and fabrics are reputed to be antibacterial and to prevent odors and the spread of infection (170). One such finish is based on an organosiUcon quaternary ammonium chloride compound (171). Chemical finishing of cotton has also been directed toward improving soil release (172,173), antistatic treatments (174), and rot resistance (175,176). 

Neuraminidase inhibitors are the major class of drugs to treat or to prevent the infection with influenza viruses. Currently, two neuraminidase inhibitors are available, zanamivir and oseltamivir, which block the release of new influenza vims from infected host cells and thereby stop the spread of infection. The enzyme neuraminidase is a surface glycoprotein present on all influenza viruses. There are nine influenza neuraminidase sub-types known of which subtypes N1 and N2 appear to be the most important ones. Neuraminidase inhibitors are effective against all neuraminidase subtypes. The activity of the neuraminidase is required for the newly... 

The patient describes or lists measures used to prevent the spread of infection to others. 

Prevention Follow measures to control the spread of infection. Wash hands immediately before eating or preparing food and after defecation. 

Collagenase is also produced by Cl. perfringens and this degrades collagen, which is the major protein offibrous tissue. Its destruction promotes the spread of infection in tissues. 

A topical antibiotic or antifungal may be used to control the spread of infection but generally is unnecessary. For staphylococcal or streptococcal folliculitis, antibiotic ointments such as mupirocin might be administered three times daily. Antifungal shampoo can be used for dermatophytes. 

Patients suffering from influenza should get adequate sleep and maintain a low level of activity. They should stay home from work and/or school in order to rest and prevent the spread of infection. Appropriate fluid intake should be maintained. Cough/throat lozenges, warm tea, or soup may help with symptom control (cough, sore throat). 

Another potential class of antivirals is those that interfere with the ability of virus to enter cells. If the virus entry process is inhibited, then spread of infection within an individual might be inhibited. As discussed earlier, HIV virus particles initially attach to cells by way of the cellular receptor for CD4 protein, which is embedded in the surface of normal T lymphocytes and macrophages. Recently, recombinant DNA techniques have been used to make large amounts of a part of the pure CD4 protein. Test-tube experiments have shown that if this CD4 protein fragment is incubated with T lymphocytes or macrophages, it can saturate all the CD4 receptors and prevent subsequent infection with HIV. It is possible that this approach might be effective in people, as well. 

Mechanism of Action A selective inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase, an enzyme essential for viral replication. Acts against both influenza A and B viruses. Therapeutic Effect Suppresses the spread of infect ion within the respiratory system and re-duces the duration of clinical symptoms. 

Husak, P. J., Kuo, T. and Enquist, L. W. (2000). Pseudorabies virus membrane proteins gl and gE facilitate anterograde spread of infection in projection-specific neurons in the rat. J. Virol. 74(23), 10975-10983. 

No obviously contaminated vessel should be opened. Rather it should be autoclaved immediately. If it is desired to test the nature of the contamination, a sample should be taken aseptically to avoid the spread of infection. This is best done at the end of the working day, and the work area then thoroughly disinfected and the UV lamp left on overnight. Contaminated dishes should be placed in special disposal bags (Sterilin Ltd.) before autoclaving, and often it is advisable to decontaminate the incubator by swabbing with disinfectant. 

Ashom, R McQuade, T. J. Thaisrivongs, S. Tomasselli, A. G. Tarpley, W. G. Moss, B. An inhibitor of the protease blocks maturation of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses and spread of infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Set USA, 1990, 87 7472-7476. 

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