Differential toxicity

Brealey, C.J., Walker, C.H., and Baldwin, B.C. (1980). A Esterase activities in relation to differential toxicity of pirimiphos-methyl. Pesticide Science 11, 546-554. 

Willett KL, EM Ulrich, RA Hites (1998) Differential toxicity and environmental fates of hexachlorocyclohex-ane isomers. Environ Sci Technol 32 2197-2207. 

Bradbury, S.P. and J.R. Coats. 1985. Differential toxicity and uptake of two fenvalerate formulations in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Environ, Toxicol. Chem. 4 533-541. 

The solubility of sodium and potassium pentachlo-rophenate in water is pH dependent it increases from 79 mg/L at pH 5.0 to >4 g/L at pH 8.0 (Bevenue and Beckman 1967). But the differential toxicity of PCP in solution is primarily attributable to variations in uptake as a function... 

Williams, P.D., Laska, D.A., Heim, R.A. and Rush, G.F. (1993). Differential toxicity of parenteral antibiotic drugs in renal cells (LLC-PK4) grown on permeable membrane filters. Toxicol. Methods 3(2) 130-141. 

R. B. Melchert, C. Goldlin, U. Zweifel, A. A. Welder, U. A. Boelsterli, Differential Toxicity of Cocaine and Its Enantiomers, (+)-Cocaine and (-)- -Cocaine, is Associated with Stereoselective Hydrolysis by Hepatic Carboxylesterases in Cultured Rat Hepatocytes , Chem.-Biol. Interact. 1992, 84, 243-258. 

One factor determining toxicity of AmB formulations is the form in which the antibiotic is released monomeric or aggregated because only self-associated AmB can complex cholesterol in eukaryote membranes (25). The differential toxicity of the lipid formulations toward macrophages could be related to their stability in the culture medium. For example, the Ampho-liposome formulation, which is destabilized in the presence of serum (24), has... 

Hill RN. 1977. Differential toxicity of chloroform in the mouse. Ann NY Acad Sci 298 170-176. 

Stine ER, Gunawardhana L, Sipes IG. 1991. The acute hepatotoxicity of the isomers of dichlorobenzene in Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley rats Isomer specific and strain specific differential toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 109 472-481. 

Studies with male F344 rats have shown that o-dichlorobenzene was more toxic to the liver and kidneys than the meta- and para-isomers after a single administration. In addition to isomer specificity, strain-specific differential toxicity has also been demonstrated, with Sprague-Dawley rats being relatively resistant to the acute hepatic toxicity of o-dichlorobenzene. ... 

Generally, the impression so far is that HDACi display a somewhat lower toxicity profile compared to conventional cytotoxics. The most common toxicity seen is nausea/vomiting and fatigue, mild myelosuppression and diarrhea and these feature as adverse effects in many chnical trials. The toxicities observed may be due to the individual drug or the consequence of inhibiting HDAC itself (class effect). It is postulated that interference with additional cellular pathways, not just histone acetylation, may be responsible for the differential toxicity seen clinically, especially if these different compounds are used at higher doses. 

F2. Fogelman, A. M., La Mont, J. T., Finkelstein, S., Rado, E., and Pearce, M. L., Fallibility of plasma-digoxin in differentiating toxic from non-toxic patients. Lancet ii, 727-729 (1971). 

The biochemistry and taxonomy of cereals is relevant to their potential differential toxicity. The proteins in the cereal grains known as "gluten activate celiac disease. Gluten is a complex mixture of hundreds of related but distinct proteins. The grains considered capable of producing adverse effects in individuals with celiac disease include different species of wheat (e.g., durum, spelt, kamut), barley, rye, and their cross-bred hybrids (e.g., triticale, which is a cross between wheat and rye) (Ciclitira et ah, 2005 Cornell et ah, 2002 Dewar et ah, 2006 Howdle, 2006 Koning, 2008 Lester, 2008 Moron et ah, 2008 Thompson, 2000, 2001 Troncone et al., 2008a Vader et ah, 2003 Wieser and Koehler, 2008). 

Erickson-Miller, C.L., May, R.D., Tomaszewski, J., Osborn, B., Murphy, M.J., Page, J.G. and Parchment, R.E. (1997) Differential toxicity of camptothecin, otpotecan and 9-amino-camptothecin to human canine and murine myeloid progenitors (CFU-GM) in vitro. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 39, 467-474. 

Bacillus subtilis rec, differential toxicity NT 500 ag/disc Tomitaefa/. (1982b)... 

Bacillus subtilis rec, differential toxicity Salmonella typhimurium TAIOO, reverse mutation Salmonella typhimurium TAIOO, TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, reverse mutation... 

Escherichia coli pol AAV3110-P3478, differential toxicity (liquid suspension tests)... 

Saccharomyces cerevisae, DNA repair-deficient strains, differential toxicity... 

Differential Toxicity Characterization of Green Alternative Chemicals... 

However, despite the intractable appearance of this problem, there are promising new approaches to the evaluation of chemical toxicity that may be well suited to predict differential toxicity between a pair of chemicals and to help evaluate the environmental profile of an alternative. To approach this problem, we need to think about what ultimately leads to toxicity. 

The remainder of the chapter is organized into sections dealing with each of the five components (bioavailability, bioaccumulation, reactivity, clearance, and interaction potency and efficacy) required to assess differential toxicity. The first four are subjects of recent reviews so they are treated only briefly, to the level required for understanding how to perform a final integrated differential toxicity assessment. The final component of specific chemical-target interactions is treated in more depth. Final sections deal with integration of these different streams of information. 

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