Specific Targeting

The system can also numerize the A-scan from the back-wall echo of the specific target, giving the central frequency, relative bandwidth and sensitivity of the 160 apertures. 

Acetal resins are one of several plastic materials specifically targeted for recycle in at least one soon-to-be-constmcted recycling faciUty (28). 

Risk indices are usually single-number estimates, which may be used to compare one risk with another or used in an absolute sense compared to a specific target. For risks to employees the fatal accident rate (FAR) is a commonly apphed measure. The FAR is a singlenumber index, which is the expected number of fatalities from a specific event based on 10 exposure hours. For workers in a chemical plant, the FAR could be calculated as follows ... 

Hard-coated poly(methyl methacrylimide) sun-roofs have already been specified for American sports cars, whilst the polymer might be expected to make some inroads into the polycarbonate market, with one specific target being auto headlamp diffusers. 

Rizzuto, R., Simpson, A. W. M., Brini, M., and Pozzan, T. (1992). Rapid changes of mitochondrial Ca2+ revealed by specifically targeted recombinant aequorin. Nature 358 325-327. 

In order to bind to target proteins, adaptor proteins contain protein-protein interaction domains which recognize specific target motifs (Fig. 1). Through combinations of these domains, adaptor protein can interact with multiple... 

Alkaloids are heterocyclic basic compounds and widespread in plants. Many of them have specific targets in organisms. For example, the alkaloids atropine and scopolamine of Belladonna are specific antagonists at muscarinic receptors. 

A number of anticancer drugs have been developed that specifically target kinases known to be oncogenic. The first drug in this area is imatinib mesylate, which targets... 

Viruses are small infectious agents composed of a nucleic acid genome (DNA or RNA) encased by structural proteins and in some cases a lipid envelope. They are the causative agents of a number of human infectious diseases, the most important for public health today being acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis, influenza, measles, and vituses causing diarrhoea (e.g., rotavirus). In addition, certain viruses contribute to the development of cancer. Antiviral drugs inhibit viral replication by specifically targeting viral enzymes or functions and are used to treat specific virus-associated diseases. 

Oligonucleic acid or peptide molecules that bind a specific target molecule. Nucleic acid aptamer species can be engineered through treated rounds of in vitro selection to bind to various molecular targets such as... 

Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive diug and an inhibitor of S6K1 (also known as p70S6-kinase) which phosphorylates ribosomal S6 protein. S6K1 is activated in response to insulin via activation of Akt. Rapamycin binds to a specific target protein (mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin) which is functionally located downstream of Akt, but upstream... 

Due to the absence of human models for PLTP deficiency, our knowledge about the relevance of plasma PLTP activity for human lipid metabolism is still incomplete. No investigational drugs are available that specifically target the activity of this protein. 

Proteasomal degradation also plays an essential role in the activation of cellular signaling pathways. A prototype for this is the control of NF-kB signaling, which has a pivotal role in inflammatory responses. Upon stimulation the inhibitory IicBa protein is phos-phorylated and thereby becomes a target substrate for K48-polyubiquitination. Proteasomal degradation of IkBu releases the transcription factor NF-kB, which subsequently translocates to the nucleus and activates specific target genes. 

A number of important papers could not be cited in this chapter, due to the length limitations and the specific target of the chapter. For example, the antimicrobial activity of chitosans [349], the chitinolytic enzymes, the preparation of cosmetics, and the occurrence of chitin in fungi [350] are some of the subjects not dealt with specifically here, notwithstanding their importance. 

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