Specific rules description

The more general the point of view is (the higher the level), the less applicable becomes a rule to describe a detail. On the other hand, a more specific description lets us derive the underlying general aspects. An example is the definition of life. In a specific rule we can define life from our experience with life forms on our planet consumption, metabolization, and growth are some commonly used criteria for life from a discrete point of view. If we define a rule on the basis of these criteria in a computer program, it would look like this ... 

Until very recently the naming of the individual enzymes has been entrusted largely to the discoverers. This resulted often in such descriptive names as zwisch-enferment or pH 5 enzyme. An international commission meanwhile has drafted specific rules for the classification and nomenclature of enzymes. The commission has established six main classes, which are further subdivided into sub-classes and sub-sub-classes, according to the nature of the reaction catalyzed and to the type of bond formed or severed. In Table IX several examples of each main class are listed to illustrate the system. 

Before proceeding to a description of specific practices, it is appropriate to remark that if the rules with their variances, alternatives and exceptions seem excessively numerous and complicated, it is because heterocyclic compounds are even more numerous and complicated. Systematic names can be kept short only at the expense of a substantial number of rules and variances when rules are kept few and simple, relatively cumbersome names are likely to be generated. Current practice, and the principles behind it, represents a balance between these two poles. 

In these frames all specific columns that are relevant for the reasoning process of the expert system can be described in a structured and comprehensive way. The frame-based and rule-based knowledge representation are both required to represent expertise in a natural way. Therefore, in most expert systems a combination of rule-based and frame-based knowledge representation is used. The rule base together with the factual and descriptive knowledge by means, of e.g., frames constitute the knowledge base of the expert system. 

Documentation is structured around specifications and implementation and their refinement and import relationships. A user manual—a description of how a user accomplishes tasks by using the system(s)—is a particular form of documentation associated with a refinement how the abstract business model and actions are realized by more-detailed actions performed by the users and systems. Test specifications are also associated with refinement relationships. The rules for system architecture are documented in a package that specifies the patterns and frameworks that will be used in other packages that import it. 

Flavourings are not included in the categories listed above. When used in food products they must be designated by the term flavourings , or by a more specific name or description of the flavouring. Additional rules apply if the flavouring is claimed to be natural . 

As a starting point in the description of the solid intermetallic phases it is useful to recall that their identification and classification requires information about their chemical composition and structure. To be consistent with other fields of descriptive chemistry, this information should be included in specific chemical and structural formulae built up according to well-defined rules. This task, however, in the specific domain of the intermetallic phases, or more generally in the area of solid-state chemistry, is much more complicated than for other chemical compounds. This complexity is related both to the chemical characteristics (formation of variable composition phases) and to the structural properties, since the intermetallic compounds are generally non-molecular in nature, while the conventional chemical symbolism has been mainly developed for the representation of molecular units. As a consequence there is no complete, or generally accepted, method of representing the formulae of intermetallic compounds. 

As will be apparent, the foregoing descriptions of the systems available give only a broad outline of the operations involved. For each system, derivation of a unique name and numbering for a particular skeleton requires use of the full text of the appropriate rules provided in the Appendix. Construction of the name is governed by lists of priorities, the application of which is illustrated in many of the examples. However some general aspects of the use of the systems will be considered here, in particular their applicability in various contexts, and a number of specific problems. 

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