Specialised industry

Historically, the know-how to synthesise and handle ionic liquids has been treated in some ways as a holy grail . Indeed, only a small number of specialised industrial and academic research groups were able to prepare and handle the highly hygroscopic... 

Bulk processes of carbonization can be "stopped" at an appropriate stage and mesophase separated from the remaining pitch by solvent extraction. Spheres of mesophase can then be isolated. However, from the viewpoint of specialised industrial usage, e.g. spinning /moulding (not traditional coke-making) such mesophase can be said to be "overcooked". It is not readily soluble in generally available solvents it does not represent a minimum in its visco-elastic properties. 

Virtually all the charcoal made in these regions - other than that used for specialised industrial purposes - is made in kilns. A wide range of kiln types is in use. Some are quite primitive, like the simple earth and vegetation covered kilns used by itinerant charcoal burners. Others, such as the beehive kilns used by Brazil s iron and steel industry, are comparatively sophisticated [5] [6]. Perhaps most widespread, and typical of the kilns used by smaller commercial enterprises in the developing world, are traditional earth or earthmound kilns like those to be found in Zambia [7] and Sudan [8]-... 

Because the production of medicinal gases is a specialised industrial process not normally undertaken by pharmaceutical companies, manufacturers of these gases are not always familiar with the regulatory provisions governing the pharmaceutical industry. Medicinal gases are nevertheless classified as medicinal products, and their manufacture should comply with the following detailed guidelines. 

IAEA monitors a much smaller and more specialised industry its remit is also restricted to civil and not military plants. As the chemical industries of the developed countries are large, diverse, and highly competitive, on-site inspection could raise legitimate fears about the protection of commercial and scientific secrets. As chemical weapons could be stored with other munitions or tested on the same proving grounds, on-site inspection could risk the disclosure of military secrets. These risks may seem more ominous when mutual confidence between the superpowers is low and more stringent degrees of verification are demanded."... 

Specialised Industry - companies have many means to differentiate, each offering a high payoff. A company manufacturing specialised machinery for a selected market segment might be an example. Small companies are potentially as profitable as larger ones in such a market. 

A pharmacist with QP experience is the most preferred for the QP function. Because of limited availability of specialised industrial pharmacists, national authorities... 

These regional spillover effect were already mentioned by Marshall (1920, pp. 222-231). They lead to agglomerations of specialised industries. 

Glass cloth. A range of cloths is available and the finest of these are used in order to obtain the best meehanieal properties. They are, however, expensive in use and they are used only in certain specialised applications such as in the aircraft industry and for decorative purposes. 

Trace element analysis has become sufficiently important, especially to industrial users, that commercial laboratories specialising in trace and ultratrace elemental analysis are springing up. One such company specialises in high-resolution glow-discharge mass spectromety , which can often go, it is claimed, to better than parts per billion. This company s advertisements also offer a service, domiciled in India, to provide various forms of wet chemical analysis which, it is claimed, is now nearly impossible to find in the United States . 

Many chemical products are produced from crude oil. Initially, little chemistry was involved therefore the petrochemicals were not considered part of the chemical process industry. Today, materials ranging from specialised fuels, plastics and synthetics makes it part of the chemical processing, The petroleum refinery is where the chemical processing of oil begins. 

The advantage of the method is that measurements can be made in more resistive corrodents (crude oil and concrete) compared with linear polarisation measurements. However, corrosion expertise is required for both operation and interpretation, and most industrial applications, therefore, are provided as a specialised service. 

Increased coefficients relating to the conditions of preparation and the handling procedure are then applied. The aim is to quantify the risk in industrial plants. This might be where this approach may appear to be too specialised to be of use in small scale reactions. The table below gives these coefficients. ... 

Optimisation of software (generic format) would be auspicious, but even no generally accepted norms are available. Specialised MS, FTIR and ToF-SIMS computer-based industrial additive libraries are the necessary support for analytical developments. Web-based data mining tools are also starting to become available. 

Specialised texts have been published on some of the more important bulk industrial chemicals, such as that by Miller (1969) on ethylene and its derivatives these are too numerous to list but should be available in the larger reference libraries and can be found by reference to the library catalogue. 

Fuller details of the methods used for toxicity testing, the interpretation of the result and their use in setting standards for industrial hygiene are given in the more specialised texts on the subject see Carson and Mumford (1988) and Lees (1996). 

Except for a few specialised applications, hot air is used as the heating and mass transfer medium in industrial dryers. The air may be directly heated by the products of combustion of the fuel used (oil, gas or coal) or indirectly heated, usually by banks of steam-heated finned tubes. The heated air is usually propelled through the dryer by electrically driven fans. 

A great variety of evaporator designs have been developed for specialised applications in particular industries. The designs can be grouped into the following basic types. 

Crystallisation is used for the production, purification and recovery of solids. Crystalline products have an attractive appearance, are free flowing, and easily handled and packaged. The process is used in a wide range of industries from the small-scale production of specialised chemicals, such as pharmaceutical products, to the tonnage production of products such as sugar, common salt and fertilisers. 

Rather more specialised sizes are used in certain applications. For example, a reactive poly(dimethylsiloxane) (section 10.10.2) is recommended for the sizing of some industrial textile fabrics [173]. 

A large variety of hose constructions are produced by the rubber industry for a wide range of applications. To contain transported liquids, usually under pressure, it is necessary to reinforce the hose construction with fabric, yam or short fibres to constrain expansion of the rubber. Although hand-built construction using fabric still represents a proportion of the production, it is also very common to use yams either braided or knitted directly onto the hose liner. For heavy duty purposes it is also necessary to use wire, in a braided form, to either reinforce or protect the hose from external damage. Use of short fibres as reinforcement represents a small proportion of hose production and requires specialised dies for extrusion to orientate the fibres circumferentially. 

Tyre building requires a number of specialised items of equipment, which are specific to this part of the rubber industry. 

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