Spatial organization

The isolation of pure membrane sialyltransferases enables a study of these enzymes with other membrane components including other glycosyltransferases to be made. It is interesting to speculate on the suggestion by Rauvala and Finne (1979) that core structures may be synthesized by basic units of multiglycosyl-transferases and that initiation and completion specified by incorporation of the appropriate enzyme into the complex. However, this area remains largely hypothetical through technical problems and sparse attention. 

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Because they contain many islets of condensed aromatics, the carbon-rich asphaltenes can begin to acquire the spatial organization of graphite layers. 

One important class of integral equation theories is based on the reference interaction site model (RISM) proposed by Chandler [77]. These RISM theories have been used to smdy the confonnation of small peptides in liquid water [78-80]. However, the approach is not appropriate for large molecular solutes such as proteins and nucleic acids. Because RISM is based on a reduction to site-site, solute-solvent radially symmetrical distribution functions, there is a loss of infonnation about the tliree-dimensional spatial organization of the solvent density around a macromolecular solute of irregular shape. To circumvent this limitation, extensions of RISM-like theories for tliree-dimensional space (3d-RISM) have been proposed [81,82],... 

This factor refers to the spatial organization of the information displays. In general, instruments displaying process parameters that are functionally related should also be physically close. In this way, it is likely that a given fault will lead to a symptom pattern that is easier to interpret than a random distribution of information. Although violation of this principle may not induce errors in a direct manner, it may hinder human performance. The following example illustrates this point. 

Protein-protein interaction domain that binds to short peptide motif at the C-terminal of target proteins. Particularly important in spatial organization of receptors and ion channels. 

In this chapter we describe the distribution, assembly, and interaction of microfilaments and microtubules and their functional roles in cell movement and in the maintenance of the spatial organization of the cytoplasm. Also, the relative roles... 

Moore, P.J., Swords (1991) Spatial organization of the assembly pathways of glycoproteins and complex polysaccharides in the golgi apparatus of plants. J.Cell Biol. 112 589-602. 

Clancy A.N., Schoenfeld T., Forbes W. and Macrides F. (1994). The spatial organization of the peripheral olfactory system of the hamster, II receptor surfaces and odorant passageways within the nasal cavity. Brain Res Bull 34, 211-241. 

The spatial organization of the cell bodies of the motor neurons follows a proximal-distal rule. Motor neurons that innervate the most proximal muscles (axial muscles of the neck and trunk) lie most medially in the gray matter. Motor neurons innervating the most distal muscles (wrists, ankles, digits) lie most laterally in the gray matter. 

In this essay, I argue for a new perspective on units of evolutionary transition. I analyze the process of reproduction, which leads to a conception of units of evolution as reproducers. These units resolve to more familiar ideas of replicators or interactors at levels of spatial organization when explicit spatial and functional models are imposed on abstract reproducers. I also sketch a heuristically promising program of reductionistic research that flows from the new perspective. 

Burkett, S.L. and Mann S. (1996) Spatial organization and patterning of gold nanoparticles on self-assembled biolipid tubular templates. Chemical Communications, 321-322. 

Heilmann, H.D., and Holzner, M. (1981) The spatial organization of the active sites of the bifunctional oligomeric enzyme tryptophan synthetase Cross-linking by a novel method. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 99, 1146. 

Figure 13.2. Inorganic micro/nanoscale elements derived from wafers can be used to form solution suspensions for delivery to another substrate (e.g., plastic sheet) by casting processes (left frame), or they can be dry transfer printed in a way that preserves their lithographically defined spatial organizations (right frame).

This conclusion is consistent with the observation that responses in mitral cells to odors applied to the epithelium are narrowly tuned and that sensitivity to particular types of odor, determined by either functional group or carbon chain length, is spatially organized in the bulb [20]. Thus, the organization of receptors into broad zones in the epithelium is further refined in the bulb, where receptors find common targets. 

Figure 18. Schematic representation of the spatial organization of proteins in PSII.

The conformational fixation and spatial organization of the catalytic group are important features of the enzyme active site. However, they are not realized by the use of conventional surfactant micelles. Synthetic bilayer membranes are better organized than surfactant micelles. Thus highly organized catalytic centers may be prepared in the future from synthetic bilayer systems. 

Mahy NL, Perry PE, Gilchrist S, Baldock RA, Bickmore WA (2002) Spatial organization of active and inactive genes and noncoding DNA within chromosome territories. J Cell Biol 157 579-589 Mangenot S, Leforestier A, Vachette P, Durand D, Livolant F (2002) Salt-induced conformation and interaction changes of nucleosome core particles. Biophys J 82 345-356 Marsden MP, Laeimnh UK (1979) Metaphase chromosome structure evidence for a radial loop model. Cell 17 849-858... 

Beato M, Eisfeld K (1997) Transcription factor access to chromatin. Nucleic Acids Res 25 3559-3563 Becker PB (2002) Nucleosome sliding facts and fiction. Embo J 21 4749-4753 Bekker-Jensen S, Lukas C, Kitagawa R, Melander F, Kastan MB, Bartek J, Lukas J (2006) Spatial organization of the mammalian genome surveillance machinery in response to DNA strand breaks. J Cell Biol 173 195-206... 

In the amino acid sequence of a folded polypeptide is encoded its three-dimensional structure, its folding pathway and the spatial organization of the residues that are responsible for its function (Fig. 1). 

On a separate sheet of paper or your computer, create an outline using either the cause and effect or spatial organizing principle. Your outline can be formal or informal. Use one of your brainstorms from Lesson 3 or 4, or one of the brainstorms provided as an example to create your outline. 

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