Assembly pathway

Zhang SM, Greenfield MA, Mata A et al (2010) A self-assembly pathway to aligned monodomain gels. Nat Mater 9 594—601... 

Moore, P.J., Swords (1991) Spatial organization of the assembly pathways of glycoproteins and complex polysaccharides in the golgi apparatus of plants. J.Cell Biol. 112 589-602. 

Kent, O.A., Ritchie, D.B., and MacMillan, A.M. (2005) Characterization of a U2AF-independent commitment complex (E ) in the mammalian spliceosome assembly pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 233-240. 

Kelly, J. W. (1998). The alternative conformations of amyloidogenic proteins and their multi-step assembly pathways. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 8, 101-106. 

Kikuchi, Y., and King,J. (1975). Genetic control of bacteriophage T4 baseplate morphogenesis. III. Formation of the central plug and overall assembly pathway./. Mol. Biol. 99, 695-716. 

AMYLOID FIBRIL ASSEMBLY PATHWAYS AND CYTOTOXICITY MECHANISMS... 

Now that we have defined the starting point and the final products of the assembly process, the next step is to investigate the origin of amyloid fibril polymorphism through a detailed study of the assembly pathways... 

In the case of human amylin and Afi our understanding of the diversity in amyloid fibril architecture is the result of a recursive process, since the early morphological observations were followed by assessment of the assembly pathway which in turn yielded a better understanding of fibril polymorphism. However, this structural knowledge is secondary compared to the discovery of small oligomers, globular oligomers, and early protofibrils that appear to be extremely cytotoxic (Hartley etal., 1999 Lambert et al, 1998 Walsh et al, 1999). 

Goldsbury, C., Frey, P., Olivieri, V., Aebi, U., and Muller, S. A. (2005). Multiple assembly pathways underlie amyloid-beta fibril polymorphisms./. Mol. Biol. 352, 282-298. 

Nuccio, S. P., and Baumler, A. J. (2007). Evolution of the chaperone/usher assembly pathway Eimbrial classification goes Greek. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 71, 551-575. 

Assembly pathways for the RC are virtually unknown. As mentioned above, the ATP-ases interact with one another and complexes containing all six S4 subfamily members have been observed following in vitro synthesis. Impaired synthesis of the yeast lid subunit Rpn6 results in the absence of the entire lid [134], so presumably lid and base subcomplexes assemble independently and associate in the final stages of RC formation cells. In mammalian cells, 26S proteasomes assemble from preformed regulatory complexes and 20S proteasomes [135]. 

Tagami H, Ray-Gallet D, Almouzni G, Nakatani Y (2004) Histone H3.1 and H3.3 complexes mediate nucleosome assembly pathways dependent or independent of DNA synthesis. Cell 116 51-61 Taneja N, Davis M, Choy JS, Beckett MA, Singh R, Kron SJ, Weichselbaum RR (2004) Histone H2AX phosphorylation as a predictor of radiosensitivity and target for radiotherapy. J Biol Chem 279 2273-2280... 

Fig. 12. A hypothetical folding and assembly pathway for catalases. In A secondary and tertiary folding first occurs in the individual subunits to form the 3-barrel (p), wrapping domain (W), a-helical segment (a), and fiavodoxin domain (F, only in HPII). In proceeding to B, heme is bound to each of the subunits, and this may serve as a catalyst for the rapid association of the i -related subunits to form the structure in C. In proceeding to D, Q-related subunits associate, resulting in the N-terminal arms being overlapped as the C-terminal portions fold back on themselves to form the fully folded structure shown in E. Only two subunits are shown in the progression from C to E, but a simultaneous folding must be occurring in the associated dimer. The fully folded tetramer is shown in two orientations.

Kitagawa, K., Skowyra, D., Elledge, S. J., Harper, J. W., and Hieter, P. (1999). SGTl encodes an essential component of the yeast kinetochore assembly pathway and a novel subunit of the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. Mol Cell 4, 21-33. 

The Hu and Bentley model is the only one that tries to describe VLP production and assembling in baculovirus infected insect cells [105]. Nevertheless, regarding VLP assembly, the formalism presented is completely theoretical and based on the assembly pathway of icosahedral viruses. From a process development point of view, this model does not generate enough output to make it applicable to bioreaction operational parameters definition. However, it can be used as the basis for a more structured approach to the VLP assembling process in baculovirus infected insect cells. 

Wiedemann N, Truscott KN, Pfannschmidt S, Guiard B, Meisinger C, Pfanner N (2004) Biogenesis of the protein import channel Tom40 of the mitochondrial outer membrane intermembrane space components are involved in an early stage of the assembly pathway. J Biol Chem 279 18188-18194... 

The assembly of functionalized nanostructured silica with uniform pore channels using neutral alkylamine surfactants (S°I° -> HMS) and non-ionic alkylpolyethyleneoxide surfactants (N°I° —> MSU-X) provides many advantages over conventional electrostatic assembly pathways (S+f, etc.). In contrast with electrostatically assembled MCM-41-type materials, mesostructured adsorbents produced by non-electrostatic assembly methods typically possess pore channel structures and particle morphologies which improve their ability to interact with targeted adsorbate species. Moreover, non-electrostatic assembly pathways are well-suited for the direct synthesis of functionalized mesostructured silica by one-step preparation processes under ambient temperature, neutral pH conditions. The environmental application of such materials for the treatment of mercury-contaminated water is also demonstrated. 

In addition to mesostructured metal oxide molecular sieves prepared through supramolecular assembly pathways, clays, carbon molecular sieves, porous polymers, sol-gel and imprinted materials, as well as self-assembled organic and other zeolite-like materials, have captured the attention of materials researchers around the globe. Clays, zeolites and sol-gel materials are still very popular because of their extensive and expanding applications in catalysis and separation science. Novel carbons and polymers of ordered porous structures have been synthesized. There are almost unlimited opportunities in the synthesis of new organic materials of desired structural and surface properties via self-assembly or imprinting procedures. 

While it is easy to visualize the assembly of oligomeric proteins, it is not as easy to imagine how complex objects such as eukaryotic cilia (Fig. 1-8) or the sarcomeres of muscle (Fig. 19-6) are formed. However, study of the assembly of bacteriophage particles and other small biological objects has led to the concepts of self-assembly and assembly pathways, concepts that are now applied to every aspect of the architecture of cells. 

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