Spark chamber method

Besides, IR-spectroscopy, reflectance spectroscopy, spark chamber method etc., may also be employed for the direct evaluation of chromatograms. 

Liquid santillation method Autoradiography Spark chamber method Radioscanning... 

To detect substances by physical methods which are nearly nondestructive means to employ their absorption or their emission of electromagnetic radiation. Suitable detectors may be the eye (visual detection) or photomultipliers, which are sensitive sensors for qualitative analysis and quantification (photometric measurement). The detection of radioactively labeled substances by autoradiography, fluorography, spark chamber, or scanning techniques is discussed in a special chapter of this Handbook (see Chapter 12, Thin-Layer Radiochromatography). 

Flame plating (D-gun) employs oxygen and fuel gas. In this method, developed by the Union Carbide Corporation, the gas mixture is detonated by an electric spark at four detonations per second. The powders, mixed with the gas, are fed under control into a chamber from which they are ejected when detonation occurs. The molten, 14—16-pm particles are sprayed at a velocity of 732 m/s at distances of 5.1—10.2 cm from the surface. The substrate is moved past the stationary gun. 

Recently, electronic instrumentation has been developed to detect surface ignition. One method is based on the rate of pressure rise as measured by a time-rate-of-change-of-pressure pickup in the combustion chamber (58), and another involves the detection of flame fronts other than those originating at the normal firing spark plug. The latter method is based on the use of an ionization gap located at some distance from the spark plug to detect the presence of a flame. 

Ignition sequences can also be simulated with the same LES tool. The numerical method used to mimic an ignition by spark plug in the combustion chamber is the addition of the source term uigpark in Eq. (10.16). This source term, defined by Eq. (10.16), is a Gaussian function located at (xq, 2/0, o) near the upper wall between both primary jets and deposited at time f = fo = 0. The spark duration, typical of industrial spark plugs, is... 

The energy expenditure of an animal or human may also be determined by the method of direct calorimetry. Direct calorimetry requires the use of an insulated room, chamber, or suit for the human or animal. The enclosure contains a water jacket. The water passes from one end of the jacket to the other, maintaining the room, chamber, or suit at a constant temperature. The temperature of the water leaving the jacket is used to calculate the energy expended by the subject. The principles behind the use of the chamber are identical to those behind the use of the bomb calorimeter. The major difference is that in bomb calorimetry combustion is catalyzed by a small spark. In addition, in the bomb calorimeter oxygen is present at a high pressure to facilitate combustion. With direct calorimetry, combustion is catalyzed by enzymes. This combustion proceeds more slowly than that catalyzed by a spark, and the temperature of the subject does not increase much over the normal resting body temperature with the various activities. 

The stirred-flow method is an integration of the best characteristics of continuous-how methods with the ability of batch methods to overcome diffusion effects. The system consists of a reaction chamber that can be stirred magnetically and is ported such that experimental solution can be howed thorough the reaction volume and hltered upon exiting the cell. Therefore, the system does not lose any particulate material and the experimental solution can be fraction collected for analysis. The only drawback with this method is the restricted data collection time (Sparks et al., 1996 Sparks, 1999, 2002). 

DISPOSAL AND STORAGE METHODS absorb liquid in sand or inert absorbent and remove to a secured, sanitary landfill cautiously ignite small amounts in open areas atomize large amounts in a suitable combustion chamber store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location outside storage is preferred containers should be bonded and grounded for transfers to avoid static sparks use non-sparking type tools and equipment, including explosion proof ventilation keep away from any area where the fire hazard may be acute and separate from incompatibles. 

DISPOSAL AND STORAGE METHODS pipe gas into incinerator, or lower into a pit and allow it to bum away atomize large amounts of liquid in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with afterburner and scrubber store in a cool, dry location use only with adequate ventilation outside storage is preferred store cylinders upright container should be bonded and grounded, if in liquid state, to prevent build-up of electrostatic charges isolate from incompatibles avoid sparks and open flames. 

DISPOSAL AND STORAGE METHODS absorb in noncombustible material and place in a sanitary landfill dissolve in a more flammable solvent and atomize in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with afterburner and scrubber can be burned under control can blow air through contaminated water and bum exit gases store in a cool, dry place separate from oxidizing materials, peroxides, and metal salts keep containers tightly closed, away from heat, sparks, and open flame. 

DISPOSAL AND STORAGE METHODS absorb with vermiculite, dry sand, or earth, and dispose in a secured sanitary landfill atomize in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device store in a cool, well-ventilated place keep out of direct rays of the sun, and away from flames, sparks, active metals, strong caustics, and strong oxidizers. 

---