Space weather

Space Weather A Research Perspective—The Elements of Near-Earth Space. Space Studies Board, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, National Research Council, http //www.nas.edu/ssb/elements.html... 

Hapke B (2001) Space weathering from Mercury to die asteroid belt. J Geophys Res 106 10039-10073 Hapke B, Cassidy W, Wells E (1994) Vqior deposits in die lunar regolidi Technical comment. Science 264 1779... 

Taylor LA, Pieters CM, Keller LP, Morris RV, McKay DS (2001) Lunar Mare Soils Space weathering and the major effect of surface-correlated nanophase Fe. J Geophys Res 106 27985-27999 Taylor PDP, Maeck R, De Bievre P (1992) Determination of the absolute isotopic composition and Atomic Weight of a reference sample of natural iron. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Proc 121 111-125 Taylor PDP, Maeck R, Hendricks F, De Bievre P (1993) The gravimetric preparation of synthetic mixtures of iron isotopes. Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Proc 128 91-97... 

Wiesli RA, Beard BL, Taylor LA, Johnson CM (2003a) Space weathering processes on airless bodies Fe isotope fractionation in the lunar regolith. Earth Planet Sci Lett 216 457-465... 

Many asteroid spectra tend to be "redder" than the spectra of the corresponding meteorites. Reddened spectra have lower reflectivity, weaker absorptions, and spectral slopes that are flatter in the red end. This phenomenon has been attributed to "space weathering," a catchall term referring to any process that modifies the optical properties of surfaces of airless bodies exposed to the space environment. 

SEM electron backscatter image of lunar soil particles, showing minute beads of metallic iron (white) in silicate glass coatings. The iron beads modify the spectra, accounting for the phenomenon of space weathering. 

Comparison of the spectra of asteroid 4 Vesta and the eucrite Jonzac. The subdued and reddened spectra of Vesta suggest space weathering. Modified from Clark et al. (2002). 

Meteorite regolith breccias (Fig. 11.6) are mixtures of fine-grained surface materials and coarser subsurface grains. Although they are perceptibly darkened, they do not show the spectral reddening that is characteristic of space weathering. 

Clark, B.E., Hapke, B., Pieters, C. and Britt, D. (2002) Asteroid space weathering and regolith evolution. In Asteroids HI, eds. Bottke, W. E, Cellino, A., Paolicchi, P. and Binzel, R. P. Tucson University of Arizona Press, pp. 585-602. 

Pieters, . M., Taylor, L. A., Noble, S. K. et al. (2000) Space weathering on airless bodies resolving a mystery with lunar samples. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 35, 1101-1107. 

Houghton J.T. (2001b). The IPCC Report 2001. Proceedings of the First Solar and Space Weather Euroconference The Solar Cycle and Terrectrial Climate (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, September 25-29, 2000). ESA SP, Noordwijk, 463, pp. 255-259. 

Burbine et al. (2002) tested an extreme case of a possible composition for the surface of Mercury. They made spectral observations of enstatite achondrites (igneous meteorites composed almost entirely of pure MgSi03, with some accessory minerals and essentially no FeO). The spectral features of enstatite achondrites (aubrites see Chapter 1.05) are similar to those for Mercury, but lack the spectral reddening observed in spectra of Mercury and have an additional feature at 0.5 p.m caused by troilite (FeS). This reddening (visible to UV ratio) is the result of space weathering, in which FeO is reduced to very small grains of metallic iron. Thus, the reddening indicates that some FeO must be present on Mercury to produce the nanophase iron. Alternatively,... 

Noble S. K. and Pieters C. M. (2001) Space weathering in the mercurian environment. In Workshop on Mercury Space Environment, Surface, and Interior, LPI Contrib. No. 1097 (eds. M. Robinson and G. J. Taylor). Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, pp. 68-69. 

V0I.699 J.-P. Rozelot (Ed.), Solar and Heliospheric Origins of Space Weather Phenomena V0I.700 J. Al-Khalili, E. Roeckl (Eds.), The Euroschool Lectures on Physics with Exotic Beams, Vol. II... 

Israel Cosmic Ray Space Weather Center and Emilio Segre Observatory, affiliated to Tel Aviv University, Technion, and Israel Space Agency Qazrin, ISRAEL and Cosmic Ray Department of IZMIRAN, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow region, RUSSIA E-mail lid physics. technion. ac. il... 

Key words space weather, cosmic rays, radiation hazard, monitoring, forecasting... 

Let us describe the principles and on-line operation of program "SEP-Search", developed and checked in the Emilio Segre Observatory of Israel Cosmic Ray Space Weather Center. The determination of increasing flux is made by comparison with intensity averaged from 120 to 61 minutes before the present Z-th one-minute data. The program for each Z-th minute determines the values... 

Iucci N., A.E. Levitin, A.V. Belov et al. Space weather conditions and spacecraft anomalies in different orbits , Space Weather (2004) - accepted for publications. 

The solar cycle, or the solar magnetic activity cycle, is the main source of periodic solar variation driving variations in space weather. The cycle is observed by counting the frequency and placement of sunspots visible on the sun. The solar cycle was discovered in 1843 by Samuel Heinrich Schwabe. Rudolf Wolf compiled and studied these and other observations, reconstructing the cycle back to 1745, eventually... 

Nanotechnology Challenges for Future Space Weather Forecasting Networks... 

We live in a world diat increasingly relies on uninterrupted global communications and space-based navigation systems. Trans-ionospheric transmission depends on the health of conununications satellites and the electrical properties of the ionosphere. Bodi can be seriously compromised by space weather which refers to space environmental... 

It is clear that this chapter cannot cover all a ects of space weather sensors that will benefit from nanotechnology and lead to inq>roved forecasting systems. The importance of nanoelectronics in fotiiie sensors will only be marginally addressed. The reader is referred to the chapter of this volume by Kama et al. Aldiougih electromagnetic radiation is an important component of space weather, we prefer not to discuss optical nanosensors since efforts are already widespread in characterizirig the optical response of nanomaterials. 

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