Source Reduction Provisions

The P2 Act required EPA to establish an Office of Pollution Prevention with the authority of promoting source reduction through a multimedia perspective. The Office of Pollution Prevention aheady existed under The Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation (OPPE). It was established by EPA 2 years prior the enactment of the P2 Act. In response to the P2 Act, in 1991, this office developed a source reduction strategy. 

The P2 Aet also includes provisions aimed at improving the collection and public access of data. Under the Emergeney Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, industrial facilities are required to report on flieir annual releases of toxic chemicals to the 

In response to the P2 Act and to help promote source reduction, EPA established various prevention programs and initiatives  

Common Sense Initiative (CSI) -This initiative eonsisted of six pilot sectors automobile manufaeturing, computer and electronies, iron and steel, metal finishing, printing, and petroleum refining. The CSI idea was to focus on environmental management by industrial sector rather than by environmental medium. More information can be found at http //www.epa.gov/commonsense. 

Project XL (excellence and Leadership) - This is another pilot program recently established by EPA to promote the use of innovative approaches rather than conventional regulatory and policy strategies to achieve more cost-effective 

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Where dry, catalyzed sodium sulfite is used as the scavenger source, the provision of 2 to 3% metabisulfite into the day-tank batch provides sufficient pH level reduction to ensure the cobalt catalyst does not precipitate. The overall oxygen scavenging reaction is as follows ... 

Many solids do not develop enough vapor pressure at atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg) to be purified by sublimation, but they frequently can be sublimed at reduced pressure. Thus, most sublimation equipment has provision for connection to an aspirator or other vacuum source. Reduction of pressure also helps to prevent thermal decomposition of substances that would require high temperatures to sublime at ordinary pressures. 

Titles I and IV are most relevant to SO, and NO control. Title I establishes a 24-hour average ambient air standard for SO, of 0.14 ppm. The NO provisions require existing major stationaiy sources to apply reasonably available control technologies and new or modified major stationaiy sources to offset their new emissions and install controls representing the lowest achievable emissions rate. Each state with an ozone nonattaininent region must develop a State Implementation Plan (SIP) that includes stationaiy NO emissions reductions. 

Adequate provision for limitation of noise levels (by distance or by reduction at source) at site boundary and beyond ... 

Except as specifically provided in the U.S. CFR, any existing point source subject to this subpart must achieve the effluent limitations shown in Table 9.19 which represents the degree of effluent reduction attainable by applying the BAT. Alternatively, for the metal finishing industrial facilities with cyanide treatment, and upon agreement between a source subject to those limits and the pollution control authority, the amenable cyanide limit shown in Table 9.20 may apply in place of the total cyanide limit specified in Table 9.19. No user subject to the provisions of these regulations shall augment the use of process wastewater or otherwise dilute the wastewater as a partial or total substitute for adequate treatment to achieve compliance with this limitation. 

Carper/Greg Ch ee Clean Air Planning Act S.843 1.87 million ton cap by 2009 1.7 million ton cap by 2013 4.5 million ton cap by 2009 3.5 million ton cap by 2013 2.25 million tons by 2016 24 tons by 2009 10 tons by 2013 Each unit must cut emissions to 50% of the mercury in delivered coal by 2009 and 70% of Hg in coal by 2013, or meet an alternative output emission rate. Limited mercury emission trading and banking is allowed Power plant emissions capped at year 2006 level for calendar years 2009-2012 Power plant emissions capped at year 2001 level by 2013 and beyond Retains NER for new plants, but eliminates offsets for new sources with reductions from other sources also limits cost of new source controls Performance standards for all plants in 2020 of 4.5 Ibs/mWh SOj and 2.5 Ibs/mWh NO Would eliminate the requirements for a Mercury MACT standard for power plants. Would grant a 20 year exemption from BART requirements in the visibility provisions of existing S.169A... 

Stavins and Richards (2005) find that biologic carbon sequestration is also a cost-effective strategy that could be part of a climate mitigation regime. In cases where it may be difficult to measure total mass emissions from these sources but relatively easy to measure emission reductions (e.g., reductions of methane from a landfill) these sources might be captured with project-level offset provisions rather than through inclusion in the cap-and-trade program (U.S. EPA 2003). 

The studies of the individual enzymes of fatty acid synthesis in higher plants has shown that the two reductive steps, p-ketoacyl ACP reductase and enoyl ACP reductase have different cofactor requirements. As a result the synthesis of fatty acids depends on the availability of both NADH and NADPH. While the provision of NADPH can be attributed to the photosynthetic reactions, the source of NADH in the chloroplast is less certain. Takahama etal (8) have demonstrated that the content of NADPH in the chloroplast is influenced by illumination as expected, but there is no such fluctuation of the oxidation state of NAD/NADH. The production of NADH to be utilized in fatty acid synthesis would therefore appear to depend on dark reactions. One possibility would be by the action of pyruvate dehydrogenase, which would generate not only the NADH required for reduction in fatty acid synthesis but also the precursor acetyl CoA. 

Suitable provisions shall be made in the design and layout of the plant to minimise exposure and contamination from all sources of radioactivity. Such provisions shall include adequate design of systems and components with respect to low radiation exposure during maintenance and inspection, shielding from direct radiation, reduction of corrosion-product activation by specification of appropriate materials, means of monitoring, control of access to the plant, minimisation of the time to be spent in contaminated areas, and suitable decontamination facilities. 

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