Source investigations

Three fundamental TRE components are Toxicity Identification Evaluations (TIEs), Source Investigations (Sis), and Toxicity Treatability Evaluations CITEs). 

A Toxicity Reduction Evaluation (TRE) is a site-specific and systematic approach that combines laboratory testing, chemical analysis and on-site investigations to achieve compliance with toxicity based effluent limits. Three fundamental TRE components include 1) Toxicity Identification Evaluations (TIEs), 2) Source Investigations (Sis), and 3) Toxicity Treatability Evaluations... 

The objective of a Source Investigation (SI) is to identify the upstream source of the toxicant, followed by implementation of controls (z. e., treatment technologies or alteration of upstream management systems) that will translate into elimination of final effluent toxicity. A key advantage is that treatment of smaller, more concentrated streams can often be performed more efficiently and economically than treatment of larger, more dilute streams (i.e., the final effluent) (U.S. EPA, 1989 1999). Source investigations can also be viable alternatives to eliminate final effluent toxicity in cases where a specific toxicant(s) cannot be identified, or if toxicity is transient or non-persistent. The selection of a SI or TTE approach will be facility-specific. However, an SI conducted prior to a TTE can be more beneficial and more cost-effective, since the source of toxicity can be identified and then treated separately from the final effluent (Novak et ah, 2002). 

Identification of the specific chemical(s) responsible for toxicity is not always necessary in order to develop sufficient control options for achieving and maintaining a consistently non-toxic effluent. For example, source investigations may identify an opportunity to recycle a heavily contaminated stream back to the process, for additional reagent recovery/savings, and reduced effluent toxicity (see case study example in Section 7). Treatment of individual concentrated sources prior to discharge could prevent the contamination of larger volumes that are more dilute and potentially more expensive to treat (Novak et al., 2002). 

The TRE study was conducted (between 1998 and 2000) for metal refinery that was intermittently non-compliant with toxicity limits (> 50% mortality in 100% final effluent) for Daphnia magna and rainbow trout. Although not classified as a small-scale test, the results from the rainbow trout tests were also included in this case study. Key elements of the study included Phase I TIEs, Source Investigations and Toxicity Treatability Evaluations. The study team included site operations and process representative, toxicologists, chemists and engineers. 

One of the instruments obtained by ERDA will be evaluated at ORNL to assess its potential as a monitor for hazardous by-products from alternative energy sources. Investigations to determine the desirability of a membrane inlet system for concentrating organic vapors are planned. The feasibility of using a portable gas chromatograph with the portable mass spectrometer, when a complex mixture analysis is required, is also being studied. 

Source Investigation Report Refinery Fire Incident. Tosco Avon Refinery, U.S. Chemical Safety Board, 2001... 

FIGURE 25.2 (a) Increase in MW over time of published medici-nai compounds, (b) Mean MW through clinical development (Source Investigational Drugs Database). Similar results found by Blake and Wenlock et al . The increase in MW between discovery compounds (leads) and preclinical compounds (candidates) has been studied in detaii by Oprea et... 

Keeping accurate records of the use and locations of all sources. Reporting to the HSE any damage to or loss of a source. Investigating cases of over-exposure and taking corrective action. 

In order to determine the impact of the destroyed Novi Sad oil refinery on water pollution in the Danube, on the biota and the possible endangerment of the Ratno ostrvo water source, investigations were carried out on May 5,1999 upstream and downstream from the Refinery outflow [3]. 

Francioni E, Wagener AD, Scofield AD, Depledge MH, Cavalier B, Sette CB et al (2007) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in inter-tidal mussel Perna perna space-time observations, source investigation and genotoxicity. Sci Total Environ 372 515-531... 

Human-made sources or active sources are used in many seismic smdies of volcanoes. The first experiments of three-dimensional active-source investigations of volcanoes were made in two relict calderas located in the Cascade Range, western USA. One of them is the potentially active Newberry shield volcano with the caldera of 8 km diameter. In the active seismic experiment, Achaer et al. (1988) used three chemical explosions and a dense receiver network covering the caldera. They obtained a rather clear... 

Julien CM, Massot M (2004) Vibrational spectroscopy of electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. III. Oxide frameworks. In Stoynov Z, Vladikova D (eds) Proceedings of the international workshop on advanced techniques for energy sources investigation and testing, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofla, pp 1-17... 

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