Seismic activity

Injection will not be used for hazardous waste disposal in any areas where seismic activity could potentially occur. 

When selecting a site for an injection well, it is crucial to understand the hydro-geological conditions to ensure any existing or potential fresh water supplies do not become contaminated. Potable aquifers are more likely to be found at shallower depths, while deep aquifers are more likely to be lower in quality and are less likely to be used as a water source (Mickley 2006). Siting injection wells away from areas known to by seismically active also helps to reduce the possibility of contaminating aquifers. The use of injection wells should also be avoided near recoverable resources like ores, coal, oil and gas (Mickley 2006). The selected receiving aquifer must be able to contain the volume of concentrate for the expected life of the plant (Chelme-Ayala et al. 2009). 

The PF technology also has several potential limitations. Fractures do not always propagate in the direction or to the distances expected. Fractures may open new pathways for the unwanted spread of contaminants. Pockets of low permeability may remain after fracturing. Surface heave and stress resulting from the process can create hazards for buildings or other structures at a site. If the moisture content of the contaminated media is not controlled, the formation may swell and close the fractures. PF is not applicable at sites with high natural permeabilities. Fractures will close in soils with low clay content. In addition, PF should not be used in areas of high seismic activity. 

Isidorov VA, Prilepskii EB, Fedorov YuN (1991) Organic Components of Thermal Source Gases in Seismically Active Regions. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 319 1106... 

The detection of RE can be affected by the presence of overlying sediments, water, or unfavorable atmospheric conditions. Although the relationship between RE and seismic activity is not clear, this is certainly an area for further study. 

Global deviations should sometimes be considered in a HAZOP review. Global deviations are generally considered the effects that would simultaneously effect the entire process or facility. These are, but not limited to, equipment layout, seismic activity, flooding, sandstorm, extreme weather conditions, loss of power, human factors, etc. 

STRUCTURAL CONSOLIDATION. Structural consolidation of the plaster layer is necessary for protection against mechanical stresses, including seismic activity and vibrations generated by buses that bring visitors to the Valley of the Queens. The use of injectable polymers is a viable solution. The most stable polymers must be used, and it may be necessary to custom design polymers for this purpose. The integrity of the plaster layer, before, during, and after treatment must be determined and monitored by ultrasonic, piezoelectric, or photoacoustic methods. This procedure and the use of polymers for paint layer protection will require extensive controlled experimentation, especially on the physicochemical nature of the various pig-... 

It may be mentioned here in connection with the studies on the precursor effects of earthquakes and their prediction, Bufe and Varnes (1993) and Sornette and Sammis (1995) observed that the normal seismic activity (without any pulsed perturbations etc.), measured by the strain release r t) before the earthquake, seems to grow as a power of the time interval tq — t) from the next major earthquake occurring at time tq, with log-periodic corrections ... 

An earthquake producing a 0.33-g peak ground acceleration at ICPP is considered a purely hypothetical upper-limit event which has not been exceeded in magnitude by any earthquake in recent geological times. The Arco fault has not been seismically active in historic time. 

Fig. 5-16. Variations in methane concentration in air with crustal displacement in a seismically-active region (from Antropov et al., 1981).

Faults and fractures can act as pathways for the migration of He derived from the crust and mantle, and hence are possible secondary sources for anomalies located during exploration surveys. The potential use of He surveys to locate deep faults, and any associated mineralisation, has been discussed in the Russian literature in particular. Faults in seismically-active zones similarly act as channelways for the escape of gases, and He is one of a number of components of soil gas and groundwater that are monitored to determine whether variations in concentration can be used in the prediction of earthquakes. 

Borodzich, E.V., Yeremeyev, A.N. and Yanitskii, I.N., 1979. Preliminary results of helium pattern variations in seismically active zones. Geochem. Intemat., 16 37-41. 

The site s seismicity. Will there be significant volcanic or seismic activity near the site in the next 10,000 years ... 

Deep burial in remote islands was considered. However the risks of ocean transport were too great, and in addition many islands are subject to volcanic and seismic activity. 

---