Sorbitol utilization

Zentner and coworkers [24,26] utilized this information in their development of a system that releases this drug over a 24 hr period. The use of NaCl to modulate the release of diltiazem presents an interesting problem in that the concentration of the solubility modifier must be maintained within certain limits and below its saturation solubility within the device. To solve this problem, core formulations were developed that contained both free and encapsulated NaCl. The encapsulated NaCl was prepared by placing a microporous coating of cellulose acetate butyrate containing 20 wt% sorbitol onto sieved NaCl crystals. The coated granules released NaCl over 12-14 hr period via an osmotic mechanism into either water or the core tablet formulation. The in vitro release profile for tablets (core I devices) containing 360 mg of diltiazem HC1 and 100 mg of NaCl equally divided between the immediate release and controlled release fractions... 

In addition to sucrose, a number of other sweetening agents have been utilized in foods and pharmaceuficals over the years, including dextrose, mannitol, sorbitol, aspartame, saccharin, and others. Some sweeteners, such as sucrose, aid in preserving the product. 

An alternative approach for the utilization of biomass resources for energy applications is the production of dean-buming liquid fuels. In this respect, current technologies to produce liquid fuels from biomass are typically multi-step and energy-intensive processes. Aqueous phase reforming of sorbitol can be tailored to produce selectively a clean stream of heavier alkanes consisting primarily of butane, pentane and hexane. The conversion of sorbitol to alkanes plus CO2 and water is an exothermic process that retains approximately 95% of the heating value and only 30% of the mass of the biomass-derived reactant [278]. 

It should be noted that the following positions are synonymous in D- or L-mannitol and d- or L-iditol 1 and 6, 2 and 5, and 3 and 4. Sorbitol, because of lower optical symmetry, would form even more derivatives. The number of possible acetals is much smaller and that of metallic complexes still smaller. The number of various theoretical permutations of mixed ether-esters, ether-acetals, etc., utilizing readily available reagents, runs into the hundreds of thousands. 

In pharmaceutical applications, sorbitol is used as a tablet diluent in wet granulation or dry compression formulations. It is commonly used in chewable tablets because of its sweet taste, and it is also used as a plasticizer for gelatin in capsule formulations. Sorbitol is utilized in sugar-free liquid preparations and as a stabilizer for drug, vitamin, and antacid suspensions. When it is used in syrups, crystallization around bottle caps is prevented. 

D-Mannitol has a diverse range of industrial applications. It is a nonhydroscopic, low-calorie, noncariogenic sweetener utilized by the food industry as well as a feedstock for the synthesis of other compounds. For example, mannitol can be oxidized at the 3 or 4 position to form two molecules of glyceraldehyde or glyceric acid, which can be used as building blocks for other compounds (Heinen et al., 2001 Makkee et al., 1985 van Bekkum and Verraest, 1996). Mannitol is formed from inulin via hydrolysis followed by catalytic hydrogenation. This yields mannitol and sorbitol from which the mannitol can be readily crystallized (Fuchs, 1987). Currently mannitol is primarily synthesized from starch. 

The large group of inhibitors of free radical chain reactions are frequently used in combination with metal salts or organometallic stabilizers. They are amines, sulfur- or phosphorus-containing compounds, phenols, alcohols, or chelates. Aromatic phosphites at about 1 p.p.r. chelate have undesirable metal impurities and inhibit oxidative free radical reactions. Some of the more popular are pentaerythritol, sorbitol, melamine, dicyan-diamide, and benzoguanamine. Their synergistic effect is utilized in vinyl floors where low cost is imperative. 

It is also the case that enzymes showing sequence similarities do not necessarily catalyse the same reactions. Sheep liver sorbitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.14) does not utilize ethanol, though in primary structure it resembles both yeast and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenases [5,6]. 

The utility of this technique is clearly demonstrated for sugars. (138,140) The Si NMR spectrum of hexakis-O-trimethylsilyl-D-sorbitol (TMS derivative of 57) shows five resonances (5 = 15-6 to 16-7 ppm), one of which has twice the intensity of the others. This is consistent with the structure of [57]. The largest peak corresponds to trimethylsilylation at the two terminal hydroxymethyl groups. The corresponding compound with [58] also gives a Si NMR spectrum... 

Iron toxicity can be expected if the amount of free iron released into the plasma exceeds the plasma iron-binding capacity. This is more likely to occur when using iron sorbitol-citric acid complex (iron sorbitex), since the iron is less firmly bound than with iron dextran. Several conditions associated with low iron-binding capacity, such as malnutrition (kwashiorkor, malnutrition syndrome) and previous or simultaneous oral iron therapy appear to predispose to the development of these toxic reactions. In addition, folic acid deficiency has been reported to be a predisposing factor (SED-9, 516), the likely mechanism being altered iron utilization secondary to folic acid deficiency, which results in an increased saturation of ironbinding capacity. 

The distinguished European clinician, von Noorden" recommended the use of sorbitol in the diets of mild and moderately severe diabetics. Furthermore, Bertrand and coworkers" observed that sorbitol was efficiently utilized in diabetics with and without insulin in their respective regimens. 

---