Modifying solubility

It was also notable that the soda treated sludge was always more odorous than the control after only four days, indicating that the effect on odour potential of lime stabilisation is not merely one of altered dissociation equilibria or modified solubilities. 

In a similar process, a-haloalkyl carbonates have been used to alkylate carboxylic acid-containing pharmaceuticals through reaction as the carboxylate (equation 47). The aim of this reaction is to produce a prodrug which has modified solubility and absorbtion properties which may enhance its pharmaceutical properties373,375,376. 

The rigid structure of the cyclodextrin host results in well defined but different inclusion and interaction patterns for any potential guest molecule. Treating a mixture of compounds with a dissolved or solid, immobilized CD, leads to the formation of inclusion complexes of different stability and solubility. Consequently separations can be based either on strongly modified solubility in water of the CD-complex of a certain component, or on the... 

Firmenich R., G., R-E and F-H. (Firmenich Cie) (1969a) Pyrazine flavoring agents and flavor modified soluble coffee. Br. Patent 1156484. 

Winter M, Gautschi F., Flament I., Stoll M. and Goldman I.M. (Firmenich Cie) (1972b) Flavor modified soluble coffee 38 functional groups of flavoring agents. US Patent 3702253. 

Fig. 2 Hapten/peptide and p-i concept of T cell stimulations by drugs, (a) Haptens haptens are chemically reactive compounds. Drugs like penicillin are haptens they bind to lysine amino acids in proteins or by the SH-group formed by opening the thiazolidine ring. This covalent binding can modify soluble or cell bound molecules. They can even bind directly to the immunogenic major histocompatibiliy complex (MHC)/peptide complex on antigen presenting cells (ARC), either to the embedded peptide or to the MHC molecule itself. Thus, the chemical reactivity of haptens can lead to...

Figure 4. Top, relative specific activity of immobilized enzyme versus the molar ratio (ratio of immobilized su ace coupling groups to enzyme immobilized). Key , diazotized lysozyme X. diazotized lipase A, acylated a-chymotrypsin. Bottom, relative specific activity of modified soluble enzymes versus the molar ratio (ratio of soluble coupling reagent to enzyme). Key O, diazobenzenesulfonic acid lysozyme X. diazobenzenesulfonic acid-lipase H, diazobenzenesulfonic acid-chymotrypsin A, acetic anhydride-chymotrypsin. Reproduced, with permission, from Ref. 20.

It is of considerable interest to examine this glucan since it is a regular copolymer containing both the (1 3)-b and the (1 4)-b linkages. Structural studies( ) on the product from Iceland moss have established the structure illustrated in Figure 12 which can be described as a poly (1 3)-e-cel lotr lose. It has to be noted that this 33% structural perturbation of cellulose leads to a drastically modified solubility since lichenan is water soluble. 

For charged or ionizable solutes, a change in the aqueous phase pH resulted in certain ionizable solutes exhibiting pH-dependent partitioning, such that their aSinity for the IL decreased upon ionization [6]. Solute ionization effects, as demonstrated for aniline and benzoic acid (Fig. 3.3-9), can modify solubility and partitioning of solutes to an IL by several orders of magnitude. 

Might be utilized in (mostly) aqueous solutions to modify solubility, spectral properties, reactivity, etc.,... 

Many sugar molecules in plants occur as glycosides. Glycosides have modified solubility properties, toxicity and transport possibilities. Glucosides and galactosides are the most common glycosides. Mannosides are known only from... 

There are many methods for inducing nucleation and producing the desired evolution of the precursor solution. For example, one technique consists in modifying solubility in the medium, by varying the temperature or by introducing another solvent. The concentration of a precursor can thus be taken beyond its saturation level. 

Alkylbenzene sulfonates and alkylnaphthalene sulfonates act as hydrotropes to modify solubilities, viscosities, and other properties of surfactants and surfactant formulations. Sodium toluenesulfo-nate (STS) and sodium xylene sulfonate (SXS) are the best-known hydrotropes, however, alkylnaphthalene snlfonates also possess hydrotropic properties. Hydrotropicity is the amount of different hydrotropes required to achieve clear solutions. The amount of different hydrotropes, for example, SXS, STS, sodium cumene sulfonate (SCS), and others, in light-duty liquid (LDL) detergent formulations is given in Figure 14.1. There seems to be no trend different hydrotropes are (more or less) similarly efficient in different formulations. 

Struszczyk, H., Ciechanska, D., Wawro, D., Urbanowski, A., Guzihska, K. and Wrzesniewska-Tosik, K., Pat. Appl. EP 1229098, Method for the manufacture of fibres, film and other products from modified soluble cellulose, 2002. 

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