Sorbitol preparation

DL-Glucitol (DL-gulitol) has been made by mixing equimolar quantities of the two components and has also been isolated in small yield from a commercial sorbitol prepared by the electrolytic reduction of D-glucose under alkaline conditions (38). 

Sorbitol is a sweetener often substituted for cane sugar because it is better tolerated by dia betics It IS also an intermediate in the commercial synthesis of vitamin C Sorbitol is prepared by high pressure hydrogenation of glucose over a nickel catalyst What is the structure (including stereochemistry) of sorbitoP... 

Polymers. In combination with various metal salts, sorbitol is used as a stabilizer against heat and light in poly(vinyl chloride) (qv) resins and, with a phenohc antioxidant, as a stabilizer in uncured styrene—butadiene mbber (qv) compositions and in polyolefins (see Heat stabilizers Olefin POLYMERS Rubbercompounding). Heat-sealable films are prepared from a dispersion of sorbitol and starch in water (255). Incorporation of sorbitol in coUagen films gready restricts their permeabiUty to carbon dioxide (256). 

Anhydrosorbitol esters are prepared commercially by direct esterification of sorbitol with a fatty acid at 225—250°C in the presence of an acidic... 

Mouthwashes are hydro-alcohoHc preparations in which flavorants, essential oils (see Oils, essential), and other agents are combined to provide long-term breath deodorization. PalatabiHty can be improved by including a polyhydric alcohol such as glycerin or sorbitol (see Alcohols, polyhydric). Occasionally, anionic and nonionic surfactants are used to help solubiHze flavorants and to help remove debris and bacteria from the mouth. 

Sorbitol Delalande (Synthelabo) numerous combination preparations... 

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate 15-60 g in 20% sorbitol suspension enterally. As an enema, prepare 50 g in 70% sorbitol plus 100 mL tap water. This solution should be retained for 30-60 min... 

Orally administered suspensions containing a wide class of active ingredients (e.g., antibiotics, antacids, radiopaque agents) are of major commercial importance. The solids content of an oral suspension may vary considerably. For example, antibiotic preparations may contain 125-500 mg solid drug per 5 mL or a teaspoonful dose, while a drop concentrate may provide the same amount of drug in only 1-2 mL. Antacid or radiopaque suspensions also contain relatively high amounts of suspended material for oral administration. The suspending vehicle can, for example, be a syrup, sorbitol solution, or gum-thickened water with added... 

A wider problem exists with the possible role of liquid medications in dental caries formation [63], The extent of acid production in the oral cavity is closely related to caries formation. In a study of liquid medication, investigators have observed that medications with sucrose concentrations higher than 15% were able to significantly lower pH there was an inverse relation between sucrose content and a decrease in oral cavity pH [64], In a comparison of sorbitol and sucrose-sweetened liquid iron preparations, only sucrose-containing products produced a significant decrease in oral cavity pH [65],... 

Zentner and coworkers [24,26] utilized this information in their development of a system that releases this drug over a 24 hr period. The use of NaCl to modulate the release of diltiazem presents an interesting problem in that the concentration of the solubility modifier must be maintained within certain limits and below its saturation solubility within the device. To solve this problem, core formulations were developed that contained both free and encapsulated NaCl. The encapsulated NaCl was prepared by placing a microporous coating of cellulose acetate butyrate containing 20 wt% sorbitol onto sieved NaCl crystals. The coated granules released NaCl over 12-14 hr period via an osmotic mechanism into either water or the core tablet formulation. The in vitro release profile for tablets (core I devices) containing 360 mg of diltiazem HC1 and 100 mg of NaCl equally divided between the immediate release and controlled release fractions... 

Glucose hydrogenation to sorbitol was carried out on 40 wt% aqueous solution at 100°C, under 80 bar H2-pressure, in the presence of Ru/ACC catalysts prepared by cationic exchange and anionic impregnation. The hydrogenation of 10 wt% aqueous glucosone solution was conducted at 80°C under 80 bar H2-pressure on 2.5 wt%Pd/ACC catalyst in the presence of small amounts of NaHC03 added to increase the pH of reaction medium. Reaction kinetics was followed by HPLC and GC analysis of the reaction medium at different time intervals. 

A similar series of reactions applied to L-sorbose (once a rare sugar but now easily obtained from sorbitol by bacterial oxidation16) gives rise to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid.4 The method is not confined to keto-hexoses and has been employed in the preparation from L-erythropentulose (XXXI) of the 2-keto-L-ribonic acid (XXXV) which undergoes immediate transformation to the corresponding L-erythroascorbic acid (XXXVI).16... 

As described above, understanding the mechanism of the dispersion increase is a difficult task. In this work we compare a catalyst prepared by cobalt nitrate impregnation onto alumina with one modified by the addition of mannitol, and use TGA and in situ microscopy to investigate the increased dispersion. Mannitol is a sugar alcohol that is structurally similar to sorbitol [31], as shown in Figure 1.1. 

Different preparative procedures have been shown to yield protein fractions which are able to catalyze different types of reactions with respect to their requirement of either NAD or NADP as coenzymes [cf. Eqs. (19), (20), and (21)]. In sera of mice poisoned by carbon tetrachloride we found polyol dehydrogenases catalyzing the oxidation of the following polyols (a) with NAD sorbitol, ribitol, mannitol (b) with NADP sorbitol, ribitol. Erythritol and mt/o-inositol were not attacked at all. Figures 8 and 9 show the results of these determinations performed at pH 9.6. In the NAD system sorbitol and ribitol are oxidized at exactly the same rate, while in the NADP system ribitol does not reach the rate of sorbitol. The ratio NAD NADP for sorbitol is calculated to be 4.20 and for ribitol 5.50. Mannitol is oxidized at 23% of the rate of sorbitol. 

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