In situ microscopy

Investigation of fracture surfaces (from tensile or impact test, events of damage of materials, etc.) directly in the SEM (or in TEM using - as in the past - replicas). 

Deformation of thin films or semi-/ultrathin sections in a tensile device and investigation after deformation or in situ by TEM, HEM, ESEM, or AEM. 

When going from method 1 to methods 2 and 3, more and more details of the micromechanical processes can be revealed and investigated in their dependence on the real morphology. Analysis of fracture surfaces by SEM (method 1 - microfractography) yields information mainly about the processes of crack initiation and crack propagation up to the final fracture. Particularly, the influence of structural 

EHictile materials show large amounts of plastic deformation before fracture occurs, making identification of the whole process on the final fracture surface difficult or impossible. Such ductile mechanisms and, in general, processes that occur before fracture, such as crack initiation, microvoid formation, local fibrillation, and crazing, can be seen with method 2. 

Method 3 enables the morphology and deformation processes to be investigated with high resolution. As the sample size and thickness decreases, the resolution usually increases. The use of several tensile stages applicable for 

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As described above, understanding the mechanism of the dispersion increase is a difficult task. In this work we compare a catalyst prepared by cobalt nitrate impregnation onto alumina with one modified by the addition of mannitol, and use TGA and in situ microscopy to investigate the increased dispersion. Mannitol is a sugar alcohol that is structurally similar to sorbitol [31], as shown in Figure 1.1. 

The two solutions were also analysed by in situ microscopy. The solution that did not contain mannitol showed a number of different stages of decomposition, as shown in Figure 1.5. The initial solution is a pale red color. The color deepens on heating, and the droplet appears to solidify (Figure 1.5b), followed by a crystallization (Figure 1.5c). Above 100°C, loss of water can be observed as a bubble of water vapor breaks through the surface of the droplet. The final product was a black pellet, confirmed as Co304 by its FTIR spectrum. 

Several papers have been published in which, instead of concentrating on specific reactions, the technology was highlighted. One, by Marose et al.,7 discusses the various optics, fiber optics, and the probe designs that allow in situ monitoring. They describe the various optical density probes used for biomass determination in situ microscopy, optical biosensors, and specific sensors such as NIR and fluorescence. 

In situ Microscopy in Materials Research (Dordrecht Kluwer Academic) p 13... 

Millar G, Rochester C, Bailey S and Waugh K 1992 Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 88 2085 Minoda H and Yagi K 1997 In situ Microscopy in Materials Research ed P L Gai (Dordreht Kluwer) p 201... 

Van Landuyt Aetall997 In situ Microscopy in Matererials Research (Dordrecht Kin wer)... 

Inhibitor, organic molecules as, 968, 1192 Inner Helmholtz plane, 919, 922, 959, 961 Inner shell reaction, definition, 1496 Inner potential, 826, 830, 857, 1059 as an absolute potential, 829 difference, 8 measurability, 829 as a non practical potential, 829 In situ measurements, 1146 In situ microscopy, atomic scale, 1157 In situ techniques. 783. 788 Interaction with matter, 795 Interface, 845, 848, 1035 Interfaces... 

Gueza JS, Cassar JP, Wartelle F, Dhulster P, Suhr FF (2004), Real time in situ microscopy for animal cell-concentration monitoring during high density culture in bioreactor, J. Biotechnol. 111 335-343. 

Joeris K, Frerichs J-G, Konstantinov K, Scheper T (2002), In-situ microscopy online process monitoring of mammalian cell cultures, Cytotechnology 38 129-134. 

Properties such as cell volume, morphology or cell size are nowadays determined using flow cytometers or image analysis, e.g. [35,95,181,440], or by in situ microscopy, e.g. [422]. Biomass quantification by image analysis is treated extensively by Pons and Vivier in this volume. 

Fig. 5. a In-situ microscope proposed by Bittner et al. b Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells observed by in-situ microscopy in function of culture time (by permission of T. Schepper)... 

O. Devos, C. Gabrielli, and B. Tribollet, "Nucleation-Growth Processes of Scale Crystallization under Electrochemical Reaction Investigated by In Situ Microscopy," Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 4 (2001) C73-C76. 

Nowadays, electron microscopy has evolved to allow the determination of polymer morphology and composition to be mapped as a function of time in several physical conditions. In particular, in situ microscopy can provide morphological structure and also information on the dynamic changes in properties present in microstructures during synthesis, phase transformations, and physical tests [31]. 

T. (1995) In situ microscopy for on-line characterization of cell-populations in bioreactors, including cell-concentration measurements by depth from focus. Biotechnol. Bioeng.. 47 106-116... 

Jaffar, S. Bleiweiss, I. (2002). Histologic classification of ductal carcinoma in situ. Microscopy research and technique 59, 92-101. 

Hodgson, D.R. (1996) AppHeation of electrochemical noise and in-situ microscopy to the study of bubble evolution on chlorine evolving anodes. Electrochimica Acta, 41, 605-609. 

A fundamental limitation of almost all microscopy investigations of materials is that the images are static and taken when the specimen is at room temperature. In some cases, as in electron microscopy (EM), the specimen is also in a high or ultra-high vacuum and under intense radiation. In situ microscopy allows observing materials dynamically under more realistic conditions approaching those of normal service life. 

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