Some Examples of Measures

Chart 4.1 gives examples of the types of process improvements that are typically experienced through supply chain improvements. These numbers are repeated again and again in journals, magazines, and conference presentations. In fact, most of these numbers are conservative, and I have successfully beaten many of these numbers in several cases. For example, at Z Base, at the end of the improvement process (the details will be given later in this book), we will see a 75 percent reduction in travel time, a 68 percent reduction in process flow time, and a 93 percent reduction in jobs on hold.  

Typical Quantified Benefits from Integrating the Supply Chain 

Digging a little deeper in our example, we can consider supply chain costs. In Chart 4.2, we see industry averages for the cost of the supply chain. For example, for the computer industry, we see that the difference between the industry average and the best of class is more than 7 percent of revenue. This goes directly to the bottom line. What company would not want an additional 7 percent net profit boost (which is more than many companies earn in total)  

Examining another important measure of supply chain performance, cycle time, we realize that there are several different types of cycle time. The most obvious one, the one that most people relate to, is the amount of time it takes to produce a product from start to finish. Initially, it took 141 flow days at Z 

Chart 4.2 Total Supply Chain Management Costs. Source PRTM Study 

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Table 8 Some examples of measured fluxes over natural soils.

Practical Problems. As we have seen, many different types of disturbances cause changes in ecosystems that are similar and in broad outline predictable. What has been called (8) the strategy of ecosystem development provides a most important basis to anticipate the ecological effects of pollution and to evaluate measures of water quality control. Table II lists some examples of measures and how they grossly affect water quality. This brief list illustrates that water pollution control... 

This chapter intends to explain, beyond the conventional application of EMI shielding, the specificity of conductive polymers for microwave absorption and gives some examples of measured properties. 

The following are some examples of measuring safe behavior at various levels ... 

Some examples of measurements of eccentricity-ratio plotted against Sommerfeld number are shewn in Fig. 5. These were in qualitative agreement but there were quantitative differences for the various values of clearance. 

The following sections present the results of an analysis of various degradation phenomena along with some examples of measures for mitigating degradation. 

Figure C3.1.1. The basic elements of a time-resolved spectral measurement. A pump source perturbs tlie sample and initiates changes to be studied. Lasers, capacitive-discharge Joule heaters and rapid reagent mixers are some examples of pump sources. The probe and detector monitor spectroscopic changes associated with absorjDtion, fluorescence, Raman scattering or any otlier spectral approach tliat can distinguish the initial, intennediate and final...

MohsAn early (1822) hardness comparison test involved assigning a relative number to aH known materials (usuaHy minerals and pure metals) by virtue of their relative abHity to scratch one another. The results of this classification are not relatable to other properties of materials or to other measures of hardness. As a result of this limited useflilness, the Mohs hardness test is primarily used for mineral identification. Some examples of the Mohs hardness scale, which ranks materials from 1 to 10, are Hsted in Table 6. 

Recent development of techniques for measuring the rates of very fast reactions has permitted absolute rates to be measured for some fundamental types of free-radical reactions. Some examples of absolute rates and values are given in Table 12.2. 

However, total quantities of hazardous materials do not, on their own, provide an entirely reliable measure of potential hazard. It is more useful to consider quantities of material within sections of the plant that can be isolated. The amount of material within these individual plant sections usually represents the largest credible release that could occur. Some examples of plant sections that may be isolated include tank farms, unloading racks, and separate process buildings. 

Much of the potential for improvement in technical energy efficiencies in industrial processes depends on how closely such processes have approached their thermodynamic limit. There are two types of energy efficiency measures (1) more efficient use in existing equipment through improved operation, maintenance or retrofit of equipment and (2) use of more efficient new equipment by introducing more efficient processes and systems at the point of capital turnover or expansion of production. More efficient practices and new technologies exist for all industrial sectors. Table 2 outlines some examples of energy efficiency improvement techniques and practices. 

This instrument was developed from the hot-wire ammeter, some examples of which can still be found. In the modem equivalent, the current to be measured (or a known proportion of it) flows through a small element that heats a thermocouple, so producing a rms voltage at its terminals, which is a function of the current. This voltage then supplies a current to a permanent magnet, moving-coil movement. 

Corrosion potential measurement is increasing as a plant monitoring device. It has the very big advantage that the plant itself is monitored rather than any introduced material. Some examples of its uses are ... 

The significance of the corrosion potential in relation to the equilibrium potentials and kinetics of anodic and cathodic reactions has been considered in Section 1.4, but it is appropriate here to give some examples of its use in corrosion testing. Pourbaix has provided a survey of potential measurements in relation to the thermodynamics and kinetics of corrosion, and an example of how they can be used to assess the pitting propensity of copper in Brussels water is given in Section 1.6. 

The correlation coefficient ranges between 1 and — 1. A perfect positive correlation has r=l, no correlation at all is r = 0, and a perfect negative correlation r= —1. Some examples of correlations are shown in Figure 11.5b. A measure of the significance of a relationship between two variables can be gained by calculating a value of t ... 

Some examples of preventive risk-reduction measures include ... 

Any possible risk to users while spraying plant-protection products must be evaluated before its authorization. When it is necessary for workers to reenter crops shortly after their treatment, they may be exposed to the plant-protection product through contact with the spray deposit therefore, this possible means of exposure must be evaluated when a plant-protection product is to be used. This chapter discusses the procedure for and some examples of the assessment of re-entry exposure and provides instructions for placing protective measures on product labels if dermal and inhalative exposure is relevant. 

Aluminium ions in AlCl3 solutions. We have performed the same type of studies by adding different amounts of copolymers and we have measured the decrease of monomeric Al ions concentration by increasing the polymer content. Figures 2 and 3 give some examples of results "Al bound" as measured by NMR is plotted as a function of pH, for two different systems and can be compared with the values calculated for K IO1 and KQ=1016. 

The importance of in-vivo pH measurement has been demonstrated in many clinical studies. Some examples of these studies, which involved the applications of pH measurements in several body organs, are discussed in this section. 

Because weak CL emission often is produced from the oxidation of many solid organic compounds, the measurement of this light emission may be used as an indicator of changes in materials composition due to oxidation processes, and for evaluating stabilizers intended to prevent or retard these oxidative alterations [6], Some examples of materials than can be characterized by CL emission are the polymers that are degraded by weathering, exposure to heat, or exposure to ionizing radiation, or food components that suffer flavor alterations. In this... 

Some examples of micellar rate enhancements of bimolecular reactions of electrophiles are shown in Table 5. Generally the surfactant was SDS with added electrophile, e.g. H30+ or a metal ion, but sulfonic acids were also used so that HaO+ was the counterion and there was no interionic competition. The maximum rate enhancements, knl, depend upon the specific conditions of the experiment, and, as predicted by the pseudophase ion-exchange model, generally decrease with increasing concentration of the electrophilic ion. In some cases the reactions were too fast for measurement... 

Droplet temperature is of interest in practical spray processes since it influences the associated heat and mass transfer, chemical reactions, and phase changes such as evaporation or solidification. Various forms of Rayleigh, Raman and fluorescence spectroscopies have been developed for measurements of droplet temperature and species concentration in sprays.16471 Rainbow refractometry (thermometry), polarization ratioing thermometry, and exciplex method are some examples of the droplet temperature measurement techniques. 

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