Solvents fatty alcohols

The adsorbed layer at G—L or S—L surfaces ia practical surfactant systems may have a complex composition. The adsorbed molecules or ions may be close-packed forming almost a condensed film with solvent molecules virtually excluded from the surface, or widely spaced and behave somewhat like a two-dimensional gas. The adsorbed film may be multilayer rather than monolayer. Counterions are sometimes present with the surfactant ia the adsorbed layer. Mixed moaolayers are known that iavolve molecular complexes, eg, oae-to-oae complexes of fatty alcohol sulfates with fatty alcohols (10), as well as complexes betweea fatty acids and fatty acid soaps (11). Competitive or preferential adsorption between multiple solutes at G—L and L—L iaterfaces is an important effect ia foaming, foam stabiLizatioa, and defoaming (see Defoamers). 

The polymeric latex obtained in a hydrophobic organic solvent is poorly dispersed in water because of the presence of an emulsifier with a low HLB value. For this reason, a wetting agent is added to water or emulsion prior to the dissolution. The wetting agent (a surface active substance with a high HLB value) facilitates the inversion of latex phases to produce a direct type emulsion. Usually, it belongs to oxyethylated alkylphenols, fatty alcohols, or fatty acids. 

As mentioned above, by this technique using a suspended catalyst free fatty acids also can be hydrogenated, provided the reaction is performed in an excess of the corresponding fatty alcohol as solvent [40]. 

Simple mixtures—like in alkyl sulfosuccinates—can be run using only one solvent. For more complex systems (e.g., ethoxylated fatty alcohol sulfosuccinates) a gradient technique is strongly recommended Technical mixtures of disodium laureth sulfosuccinate could be separated [68]. The separation was so effective that resolution of single homologs of ethoxylates was possible. The detection limit of this method lies at around 0.5 pg. Therefore reverse phase ion pair chromatography seems to be an excellent tool to analyze sulfosuccinates directly without the use of any kind of manipulation. 

Asymmetrical triesters of phosphoric acid of the general formula ROPO (OR,)2 (R = C8 i4 alkyl R, = C, 3 alkyl) were obtained in approximately 70% yield by treatment of a higher fatty alcohol and a Ci 3 alcohol with P0C13 in hexane or pyridine at <0°C. The products were soluble in nonpolar organic solvents and partially soluble in polar organic solvents and water. But the foamforming ability and foam stability of the compounds in water were low [11]. 

A mixture of monolauryl phosphate sodium salt and triethylamine in H20 was treated with glycidol at 80°C for 8 h to give 98% lauryl 2,3-dihydro-xypropyl phosphate sodium salt [304]. Dyeing aids for polyester fibers exist of triethanolamine salts of ethoxylated phenol-styrene adduct phosphate esters [294], Fatty ethanolamide phosphate surfactant are obtained from the reaction of fatty alcohols and fatty ethanolamides with phosphorus pentoxide and neutralization of the product [295]. A double bond in the alkyl group of phosphoric acid esters alter the properties of the molecule. Diethylethanolamine salt of oleyl phosphate is effectively used as a dispersant for antimony oxide in a mixture of xylene-type solvent and water. The composition is useful as an additive for preventing functional deterioration of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts for heavy petroleum fractions. When it was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 month it shows almost no precipitation [241]. 

Wood contains a small proportion (usually less than 5%) of components which are extractable by organic solvents such as ethanol or dichloromethane. The proportion of these extractives varies in hardwoods and softwoods and also between species. Although many of these substances are removed during the chemical pulping process, some may still be retained in the final sheet of paper. Their chemical composition is very varied, and they include alkanes, fatty alcohols and acids (both saturated and unsaturated), glycerol esters, waxes, resin acids, terpene and phenolic components. The proportion which remains in pulp and paper depends upon the pulping process used. In general, acidic components such as the resin and fatty acids are relatively easily removed by alkali by conversion to their soluble... 

Production of phenol and acetone is based on liquid-phase oxidation of isopropylbenzene. Synthetic fatty acids and fatty alcohols for producing surfactants, terephthalic, adipic, and acetic acids used in producing synthetic and artificial fibers, a variety of solvents for the petroleum and coatings industries—these and other important products are obtained by liquid-phase oxidation of organic compounds. Oxidation processes comprise many parallel and sequential macroscopic and unit (or very simple) stages. The active centers in oxidative chain reactions are various free radicals, differing in structure and in reactivity, so that the nomenclature of these labile particles is constantly changing as oxidation processes are clarified by the appearance in the reaction zone of products which are also involved in the complex mechanism of these chemical conversions. 

Fig. 4 LC-GC-FID chromatograms for typical olive oils. The nearly complete absence of wax esters (esters 40-esters 46) and very low concentrations of steryl esters indicate a high-quality extra virgin oil. The concentration of free stigmasterol is low. C24-26-OH, fatty alcohols. In lampante oils, more wax esters and steryl esters are found. The concentration of stigmasterol increases more than campesterol if the oil was prepared from olives of low quality. Run at the same sensitivity, chromatograms of solvent-extracted oils are completely overloaded. The refined extraction oil was diluted 1 5 before running the chromatogram shown. Wax ester and steryl ester concentrations are very high. (From Ref. 34, p. 626.)...

Fraction D. After removing the nonaqueous solvents from this fraction, a thin, light yellow oil separated. The yield in Table II is the weight of this oil. Infrared spectral analysis indicated a fatty alcohol ester of phthalic acid. 

Solvent degreasers Fatty alcohol ethoxylates EO/PO co-polymers Amine ethoxylates Polyglycol esters Emulsifiers... 

Fatty alcohol can be fractionated to separate the C8-C10 fraction, known as plasticizer range alcohol, and the C12-C18, known as the detergent range alcohol. The plasticizer range alcohol is a liquid with good dissolving power. It can be used in a limited way as a solvent for printing inks and lacquers. Esterification with a polycarboxylic acid, such as phthalic anhydride, yields an excellent plasticizer especially for PVC. 

The surface adsorption approach has been used to make a DPI device. First, a fatty acid or fatty alcohol derivative or a poloxamer is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent in which drugs and carriers are insoluble. The preferred solvent is n-hexane or... 

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