Solvents and Plasticizers

The important solvent and plasticizer intermediate, 2-ethylhexanol, is manufactured from -butyraldehyde by aldol addition in an alkaline medium at 80-130°C and 300-1010 kPa (3-10 atm). 

Nitropropane has been evaluated as a solvent and plasticizer for NC (Refs 2, 4 6), a recrystn agent for RDX (Ref 5), an ingredient of a foamed liq expl for mine-field clearance (Ref 7), and as an intermediate rocket proplnt (Ref 9)... 

Cellulose ethers of a high degree of substitution are stable, relatively nonflammable, resistant to ultra-violet light and compatible with a wide range of solvents and plasticizers. Certain ethers of a low degree of substitution are soluble in water or alkali. It would appear from these properties that cellulose ethers should be ideally adapted for use in the plastics field and for many other uses. 

Carl Lautenschlaeger Production chief for solvents and plastics. 

The d-lactone (Scheme 38.11) can be efficiently obtained by the telomerization of butadiene and C02. Its biphasic hydrogenation with an in-situ-prepared Rh/ mtppts catalyst yields 2-ethylidene-6-heptenoic acid (and its isomers) [136]. Note, that the catalyst is selective for the hydrogenolysis of the lactone in the presence of two olefmic double bonds this is probably due to the relatively large [P] [Rh] ratio (10 1) which is known to inhibit C = C hydrogenations with [RhCl(wtppms)3]. The mixture of heptenoic acids can further be hydrogenated on Pd/C and Mo/Rh catalysts to 2-ethylheptanol which finds several applications in lubricants, solvents, and plasticizers. This is one of the rare examples of using C02 as a Cl building block in a transition metal-catalyzed synthetic process. 

Lai, M.C., Hageman, M.J., Schowen, R.L., Borchardt, R.T., Laiard, B.B., and Topp, E.M. 1999b. Chemical stability of peptides in polymers. 2. Discriminating between solvent and plasticizing effects of water on peptide demidation in poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). J. Pharm. Sci. 88, 1081-1089. 

Primary organics are emitted to the atmosphere by industrial sources (oil refineries, chemical plants, producers and users of solvents and plasticizers), vehicles (as a result of incomplete fuel combustion, oxygenated degradation products of lubricating oil, polymers from tires), and agricultural activities (use of pesticides). An exhaustive literature survey is beyond the scope of this section, but can be found in Air Quaiity Criteria for Particulate Matter many useful references are also available. 

Of course, the rates of reaction are dependent on the accessibility of the functional groups of the polymer to the reactant. This accessibility is enhanced by the presence of solvents and plasticizers and hindered by crystallization, fillers, and cross-links. In general, the rate of attack of a polymer molecule by a corrosive is dependent on the rate of diffusion of the attacking molecule, and the temperature. Polymers are more readily attacked by corrosives at temperatures above the glass transition temperature Tt and when stiffening groups are not present in the polymer molecule. 

A. K. Doolittle, The Technology of Solvents and Plasticizers, Wiley, New York (1934). 

The mixer serves three purposes. First, it blends all the ingredients to provide uniform distribution in the final propellant. Second, it provides time, heat, and contact for solvation of all or part of the nitrocellulose by the volatile solvent and plasticizer. Third, it provides mechanical energy to disrupt nitrocellulose fibers and expose them to solvation. Solvated nitrocellulose is the matrix which bonds the rest of the material together and eventually gives strength and elasticity to the finished propellant. 

Doolittle, A. K., The Technology of Solvents and Plasticizers, Wiley, New York, 1954. Gnamm, H., Sommer, W., Die Losungsmittel und Weichmachungsmittel, Wissen-schaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, 1958. 

The membrane used to activate this potassium-selective IWAO [134] consists of a potassium bulk optode based on 0.5 wt % chromoionophore ETH 5294, 1.0 wt% ionophore valinomycin, 0.5 wt% ionic additive potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate (KtpClPB), 31.0 wt % polymer PVC, 67.5 wt % organic solvent and plasticizer bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate (DOS) [142], This commercially available optode not only acts as an example of the development of an enhanced ion-selective IWAO, but also serves to validate the previously remarked features, because results can be compared with the ones obtained with membranes of the same composition and thickness in a con-... 

In the process (Fig. 1), the cellulose nitrate is placed in large kneading mixers with solvents and plasticizers and thoroughly mixed. The standard plasticizer is camphor, and the compounded mixture is strained under hydraulic pressure and mixed on rolls with coloring agents. The material is pressed into blocks. 

Products Industrial chemicals, inch intermediates, solvents and plastics Bulk chemicals for industrial use Single substances for life science products, inch intermediates, food supplements, vitamins Multi-purpose personal care, electronics, food, textiles, general manufacturing DIY, trade, inks... 

Food polymers and the behaviour of their mixtures are mainly responsible for the structure-properties relationship in both food and chyme. The two basic features of food are that its biopolymers, proteins and polysaccharides are its main construction materials and water is the main medium, solvent and plasticizer. In other words, three components— protein, polysaccharide and water—are the main elements of food structure that are principally responsible for quality of foods (see also Chapter 13). 

Doolittle, A. K. The technology of solvents and plasticizers. New York John Wiley Sons 1954. 

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