Solubility various salts

In addition to providing fully alkyl/aryl-substituted polyphosphasenes, the versatility of the process in Figure 2 has allowed the preparation of various functionalized polymers and copolymers. Thus the monomer (10) can be derivatized via deprotonation—substitution, when a P-methyl (or P—CH2—) group is present, to provide new phosphoranimines some of which, in turn, serve as precursors to new polymers (64). In the same vein, polymers containing a P—CH group, for example, poly(methylphenylphosphazene), can also be derivatized by deprotonation—substitution reactions without chain scission. This has produced a number of functionalized polymers (64,71—73), including water-soluble carboxylate salts (11), as well as graft copolymers with styrene (74) and with dimethylsiloxane (12) (75). 

Some commercial durable antistatic finishes have been Hsted in Table 3 (98). Early patents suggest that amino resins (qv) can impart both antisHp and antistatic properties to nylon, acryUc, and polyester fabrics. CycHc polyurethanes, water-soluble amine salts cross-linked with styrene, and water-soluble amine salts of sulfonated polystyrene have been claimed to confer durable antistatic protection. Later patents included dibydroxyethyl sulfone [2580-77-0] hydroxyalkylated cellulose or starch, poly(vinyl alcohol) [9002-86-2] cross-linked with dimethylolethylene urea, chlorotria2ine derivatives, and epoxy-based products. Other patents claim the use of various acryUc polymers and copolymers. Essentially, durable antistats are polyelectrolytes, and the majority of usehil products involve variations of cross-linked polyamines containing polyethoxy segments (92,99—101). 

FIGURE 5.16 The solubility of most globular proteins is markedly influenced by pH and ionic strength. This figure shows the solubility of a typical protein as a function of pH and various salt concentrations. 

The Change of Solubility with Temperature. The solubilities of various salts have been measured in aqueous solution at various temperatures. But from these measurements we cannot derive values of L as a function of temperature, until the activity coefficients in the various saturated solutions have been accurately measured. In dilute solutions... 

Figure 10.19b shows the equilibrium solubility of various salts in water. Usually, the solubility increases as temperature increases. The solubility of copper sulfate increases significantly with increasing temperature. The solubility of sodium chloride increases with increasing temperature, but... 

Fig. 14.5 (a) Normalised MBSL intensity as a function of NaCl concentration under sonication at 20 kHz and 515 kHz (reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society), (b) Normalised MBSL intensity as a function of 02 solubility for various salts under 515 kHz sonication [39] (reprinted with permission from Elsevier)... 

Rapid-acting channel-activating neurotoxin. It is obtained from the leaves and roots of various plants including wolfbane (Aconitum lycoctonum) and monkshood (Aconitum napellus). It is an off-white powder that is insoluble in water (0.03% ) but soluble in chloroform and benzene. Various salts have been reported. 

F without decomposition. Slightly soluble and "probably stable" in water but rapidly inactivated by chlorine at 50 ppm. It is soluble in dilute acetic acid but practically insoluble in most other organic solvents. Various salts (solids) have been reported. 

Neurotoxin that preferentially binds to activated sodium channels and increases the intracellular calcium concentration. It prolongs the action potential duration in the heart. It is obtained from sabadilla seeds (Schoenocaulon officinale). Yellowish-white amorphous powder that retains water and melts at 356°F. It is insoluble in water but slightly soluble in ether. Various salts (solids) have been reported. The nitrate is sparingly soluble in water. 

Kanai, H., Inouye, V., Goo, R., and Wakatsuki, H. Solubility of 4-methyl-2-pentanone in aqueous phases of various salt concentrations, Anal Chem., 51(7) 1019-1021, 1979. 

Combining this information with the distribution of the various salts between the colloidal and soluble phases (Table 5.5), gives the quantitative distribution of the salts in milk shown in Table 5.6. 

Freezing milk causes crystallization of pure water and the unfrozen liquid becomes more saturated with respect to various salts. Some soluble calcium phosphate precipitates as Ca,(POj2, with the release of H+ and a decrease in pH (e.g. to 5.8 at — 20°C). 

W. Eidmann says barium bromate is not soluble in acetone. W. D. Harkins has measured the effect of various salts on the solubility of barium bromate. 

The Stassfurt deposits have been the subject of elaborate investigations by J. H. van t Hoff and his school.16 In 1849, J. Usiglio 17 studied the deposition of salts when sea.water is cone, by evaporation, and examined the residues analytically. He found that calcium carbonate was first eliminated, then calcium sulphate, then sodium chloride, and the more soluble salts accumulated in the mother liquid. This method of investigation does not allow sufficient time for the various salts to attain a state of equilibrium, and it therefore follows that the natural evaporation of brines probably furnishes somewhat different results. Moreover, it is difficult, if not impossible, to identify the several substances which separate from the mother liquid formed during the later stages of the evaporation. J. H. van t Hoff followed the synthetic method in his study of this subject. He started from simple soln. like those of sodium and potassium chlorides, under definite conditions of temp., and gradually added the pertinent constituents until the subject became so complicated that the crystallization of the constituents from concentrating sea water was reduced to a special case of a far more comprehensive work. 

In their study The production of available potash from the natural silicates, A. S. Cushman and G. W. Coggleshall reviewed the methods which have been proposed for extracting water-soluble potash salts from natural silicates. These may be arranged in three groups. There is a dreadful monotony in various patents, for in spite of their great number, very rarely does a novel principle appear which offers any promise of success. 

Moeller et al. [294, 295] have thoroughly studied the pH values at which the rare earth hydroxides are precipitated from various salt solutions, and also the solubility and solubility product constants of the hydroxides. Their results are summarized in Table 18. 

Chlorophyll. Chemically pure chlorophyll is difficult to prepare, since it occurs mixed with other colored substances such as carotenoids. Commercially it is solvent extracted from the dried leaves of various plants such as broccoli or spinach. Chlorophyll is water-iosoluble. It has none of the characteristics of a dye in that it has no aflinity for the usual libers such as cotton or wool. Chlorophyll is properly classified as a pigment tCI Natural Green 3 Cl 75810), As such. It finds use lor coloring soaps, waxes, inks. fats, or nils. Chlorophyll is an ester composed of an acidic pint, chlorophyllin, esterilied by an aliphatic alcohol known as phylol. Hydrolysis of chlorophyll using sodium hydroxide produces the moderately water-soluble sodium salts of chlorophyllin. phytol. and methanol. The magnesium in chlorophyllin may be replaced by copper. The sodium copper chlorophyllin salt is heat-stable, and is ideal for coloring foods where heat is involved, such as in canning. 

---