Solid bodies, nature

Therefore, the interaction of the EEPs with the surface of sensors is a complex process that, being dependent on the nature of the surface and the nature of the active particle, results either in chemical transformation (chemisorption, for instance), or in transfer of excitation energy to a solid body, the processes that proceed at different velocities. 

Doyen [158] was one who theoretically examined the reflection of metastable atoms from a solid surface within the framework of a quantum- mechanical model based on the general properties of the solid body symmetry. From the author s viewpoint the probability of metastable atom reflection should be negligibly small, regardless of the chemical nature of the surface involved. However, presence of defects and inhomogeneities of a surface formed by adsorbed layers should lead to an abrupt increase in the reflection coefficient, so that its value can approach the relevant gaseous phase parameter on a very inhomogeneous surface. 

The term fracture implies fragmentation of a solid body into two or more bodies under the action of stress. Two main types of fracture mode are observed in solids. The first is ductile fracture which is the failure of a material after it has undergone a considerable amount of plastic deformation. The other is brittle fracture which is the failure of a material without undergoing practically any plastic deformation. The type of failure which occurs depends largely on the nature of the material and its condition however, failure is also affected by... 

The initiation of the analysis of air is the best part of his book, and the one he has least developed I have tried to supplement it in adding to the figures everything is new in this part of his work it is a fruitful idea from which follows an infinity of discoveries on the nature of different bodies which he submits to a new kind of test there are surprising facts that he has hardly deigned to announce. Had it been imagined that air could become a solid body Had it been believed that its... 

N. Steno, De Solido Intra Solidum NaturaliterContento Dissertationis Prodromus, Florence, 1669, trans. J. G. Winter, The Prodromus ofNicolous Steno s Dissertation Concerning a Solid Body Enclosed by Process of Nature Within a Solid, New York, Hafher, 1968... 

Solid bodies dissolved in water or other liquida produce, to a certain extent, the same effect as high pressure generally, the elevation of the boiling point varies according to the nature of the substance in solution, but it uniformly increases with the same body till the liquid is saturated. Tables founded upon this law have been drawn up, for the purpose of estimating the amount of saline matter in a liquid from its boiling point. 

Regel VR, Sluzker AI, Tomashevsky EE (1974) Kinetic nature of the strength of solid bodies, Nauka, Moscow... 

Layer or layers of minerals (especially calcium carbonate) deposited, by the throwing down, or precipitation, onto a heat-transfer surface, reducing its U value. Scales are often hard and dense and difficult to remove. The scale can be crystalline in nature (a solid body having a characteristic internal structure, with symmetrically arranged plane surfaces and definite angles), or amorphous (lacking any characteristic crystalline shape). 

V. R. Regel, A. I. Slutsker, E. E. Tomachevski, Kinetical Nature of Solid Body Stability, Nauka, Moscow, 1974. 

C Consider heat transfer between two identical hot solid bodies and the air surrounding them. The first solid is being cooled by a fan while the second one is allowed to cool naturally. For which solid is the lumped system analysis more likely to be applicable Why ... 

Einstein s theory of specific heat leads to the same result. This theory connects the molecular motion in solid bodies with Planck s theory of radiation, and has been confirmed in the main by the experimental researches of Nernst and his collaborators in the last few years. Einstein assumes that the heat motion in solid bodies consists of vibrations of the atoms about a point of equihbrium, as distinct from the translational motion of the molecules which we assume for gases. The energy of these vibrations—and this is the characteristic feature of the theory, and also of Planck s theory of radiation—is always an integral multiple of a quantity of energy e, which, in turn, is the product of a universal constant (. e. a constant independent of the nature of the substance) and the frequency i/ (number of vibrations R,... 

Consensus reality reassures us that there are laws of nature determining the way physical space is presented to our awareness --solid bodies tend to remain that way gravity is a law of motion properties of light affect the way in which we perceive objects in space etc. To us, these laws are objectively self evident, which is to say that in our imaginations we conceive of them operating independently of subjective observation. 

A proper solvated electron is a particle localized in the potential well of a polar medium, the well being created by the interaction of electron charge with the permanent and induced dipole moments of the nearest as well as remote neighbours. This notion of the nature of a solvated electron, based on the idea that the Landau-Pekar theory initially advanced for solid bodies can be applied also to liquid systems, was advanced in 1948 since then considerable efforts have been made to develop it and verify it experimentally. In most liquid systems, localization of an electron is followed by the formation of a cavity where most of the density of the solvated electrons is concentrated. The cavity is surrounded by the orientated dipoles of the solvent. Usually, the radius of this cavity equals about 3-3.5 A which conforms to a solvated-electron molar volume of 70-100 cm . This is the reason why solutions with large concentrations of solvated electrons have a lower density. 

The observations on the spectra of electrochemical discharges raise the question about their nature. Today, the term electrical discharge is used to indicate the passage of current through space (as distinct from passage through solid bodies). There are three types of gas discharges ... 

It is perhaps timely to stop and reflect upon the nature of the thermal boundary-layer analysis to determine whether other generalizations of the basic result (9-230) may be possible. In particular, heat transfer from solid bodies occurs frequently when the fluid motion seen by the body cannot be approximated as a uniform streaming flow, and the reader may ask whether the correlation (9-230) can be applied in these cases with a proper choice for the characteristic velocity that appears in Pe. It is especially interesting, in this regard, to compare the present analysis with the corresponding low-Peclet-number problem that appeared earlier in this chapter. 

Let us examine the simple case, realizable in ordinary experience, illustrated in Fig. 7-1. Let B be a stationary solid body upon whose surface the body A slides under load W with velocity U in the direction shown. It is understood that body A is in contact with body B, although no details about the nature of the contact are given. Let us look at the force experienced by body A at the contact region by means of a probe which senses the frictional force in the orientation shown,. t.e. in opposition to the direction of motion. An analogous probe in the surface of the body B senses an equal force in the opposite direction, such that... 

As defined in Section 13.1 the wear of a solid body is the consequence of loading and motion at the contacting interface of two surfaces. In the present section we propose to inquire into the nature of the basic mechanistic phenomena that can take place at the interface in such circumstances. The occurrence of certain processes is easily visualized adhesion at the interface, rupture of adhesions, displacement of material by plowing or shearing, detachment of displaced material, fatigue and cracking, oxidation, etc. and in fact all of these processes have been observed and identified, either singly or in combination, in cases of wear as it actually occurs. 

Hamaker [1937] extended the theory of London to the interaction between solid bodies. The theory is based on the interaction between atoms and molecules and calculates the attraction between larger bodies as an integration involving geometry and the physical and chemical nature of the interacting bodies. The method employs the so-called Hamaker constant that "takes care" of the properties of the bodies. Visser [1972] has reviewed Hamaker constants. 

Here the term in parentheses on the far right has the same form as 1/S. We have seen Reynolds numbers in which the length was a pipe diameter and those in which it was a particle diameter. In boundary-layer theory, the natural length to use seems to be the length measured from the leading edge of the solid body. Thus,... 

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