Solider component

Add 4 g. of aniline hydrochloride to 16 ml. of aniline contained in a 100 ml. conical flask, and then add 8 g. of diazoaminobenzene, both the solid components being finely powdered. Place the flask in a water-bath, and heat the latter carefully so that the well-stirred mixture is kept at 40° for i hour. Then remove the flask from the water-bath and allow it to stand overnight to ensure that the conversion is complete. Then add about 20 ml. of glacial acetic acid dissolved in the same volume of water, and stir the mixture well to extract the free aniline in the form of its soluble acetate. Allow the mixture to stand (with occasional stirring) for at least 10 minutes, and then filter at the... 

System in which the solid phases consist of the pure components and the components are completely miscible in the liquid phase. We may now conveniently consider the general case of a system in which the two components A and B are completely miscible in the liquid state and the solid phases consist of the pure components. The equilibrium diagram is shown in Fig. 1,12, 1. Here the points A and B are the melting points of the pure components A and B respectively. If the freezing points of a series of liquid mixtures, varying in composition from pure A to pure B, are determined, the two curves represented by AC and BC will be obtained. The curve AC expresses the compositions of solutions which are in equilibrium, at different temperatures, with the solid component A, and, likewise, the curve BC denotes the compositions... 

Cavitation has three negative side effects in valves—noise and vibration, material removal, and reduced flow. The bubble-collapse process is a violent asymmetrical implosion that forms a high-speed microjet and induces pressure waves in the fluid. This hydrodynamic noise and the mechanical vibration that it can produce are far stronger than other noise-generation sources in liquid flows. If implosions occur adjacent to a solid component, minute pieces of material can be removed, which, over time, will leave a rough, cinderlike surface. 

The compound formed in the first step of the reaction between the solid components and the molten alkali metal carbonate can passivate the surface and prevent subsequent development of the interaction. This special property of M4Me04F, the compound formed in the first step, leads, in effect, to a single-stage interaction. 

Some improvement in the filtration rate can be achieved by increasing the temperature and concentration of the solid component of the pulp [496,497]. 

Balabanov et al. [499] investigated the efficiency of different solutions for the washing of niobium hydroxide. The effectiveness of water and solutions of ammonia, NH4OH, ammonium acetate, CH3COONH4, and ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2C03, were tested. It was shown that ammonium acetate interacts with solid ammonium oxyfluoroniobates yielding niobium oxide even at temperatures as low as 125°C. The interaction that takes place between the solid components can be presented as follows (144) ... 

It has been known for nearly eighty years that compressed gases can dissolve solids to give mixtures in which the concentration of the solid component is very large compared to that in the pure saturated vapor. Nevertheless, this effect has not always been appreciated by those working with compressed gases in other fields. Here we discuss briefly two types of measurement in which the enhanced concentration of the second component may have introduced unsuspected errors. 

In the older battery literature the term separator is frequently used very loosely, to include all nonmetallic solid components between the electrodes, such as supporting structures for active materials (tubes, gauntlets, glass mats), spacers, and separators in a narrow sense. In this section, only the last of these, the indispensable separating components in secondary cells, will be termed separators , distinguished from the others by their microscopically small pores, i.e., with a mean diameter significantly below 0.1 mm. 

Specific Heats of Solid Mixtures.—The specific heat of a homogeneous solid mixture of solid components is not usually additively composed of the specific heats of the latter. W. Spring (1886) found that the total heat capacity of alloys of lead and tin was always greater than the sum of those of the components, but above the melting-point the two were equal. A. Bogojawlensky and N. Winogradoff (1908) find, however, that the heat capacities of the isomorphous mixtures ... 

In Fig. 2, we showed the solubility of a solid component in a compressed gas as calculated from Eq. (11). A similar calculation can be made for the solubility of a liquid component in a compressed gas which is only slightly soluble in the liquid. For the liquid component, when xt 1, the equation of equilibrium is... 

The activity of a solvent can be determined in a solution from the change in the freezing temperature or the boiling temperature due to the addition of a solute. Consider a process in which a solution is cooled until solid (component 1) crystallizes from solution. An equilibrium is established so that... 

Mixing the relative dispositions of all solid components present,... 

Solubility equilibria are described quantitatively by the equilibrium constant for solid dissolution, Ksp (the solubility product). Formally, this equilibrium constant should be written as the activity of the products divided by that of the reactants, including the solid. However, since the activity of any pure solid is defined as 1.0, the solid is commonly left out of the equilibrium constant expression. The activity of the solid is important in natural systems where the solids are frequently not pure, but are mixtures. In such a case, the activity of a solid component that forms part of an "ideal" solid solution is defined as its mole fraction in the solid phase. Empirically, it appears that most solid solutions are far from ideal, with the dilute component having an activity considerably greater than its mole fraction. Nevertheless, the point remains that not all solid components found in an aquatic system have unit activity, and thus their solubility will be less than that defined by the solubility constant in its conventional form. 

Solution With a constant, Equation (11.48) written for the solid component becomes... 

The concentration of one of the components (e.g., the reducing agent), and its limiting current density are large, so that practically = const, or a solid component with constant concentration (such as metallic zinc in the reaction Zn + + 2e — Zn) is involved in the reaction. In this case, Eq. (6.41) becomes... 

An agitated batch tank, is used to dissolve a solid component from a solid matrix into a liquid solvent medium, as in Fig. 1.18, Geankoplis (1983). 

Many components of food are in the solid state and possess very short T2. The linewidths from solid components are generally too wide to be observed directly by solution state NMR methods. However, these components can be detected by the special techniques of solid state NMR. These techniques involve the use of cross polarization excitation (from 3H to 13C), high power 3H decoupling (to inhibit... 

VIII. TRANSFER OF WATER BETWEEN SOLID COMPONENTS VIA THE HEADSPACE... 

Combining solids that have previously been equilibrated at different relative humidities results in a system that is thermodynamically unstable, since there will be a tendency for moisture to distribute in the system so that a single relative humidity is attained in the headspace. As shown in Fig. 7, moisture will desorb into the headspace from the component initially equilibrated at a higher relative humidity and sorb to the component initially equilibrated at a lower relative humidity. This process will continue until both solids have equilibrated at the final relative humidity. The final relative humidity can be predicted a priori by the sorption-desorption moisture transfer (SDMT) model [95] if one has moisture uptake isotherms for each of the solid components, their initial moisture contents and dry weights, headspace volume, and temperature. Final moisture contents for each solid can then easily be estimated from the isotherms for the respective solids. 

Fig. 7 Schematic representation of moisture transfer between solid components A and B with (a) headspaces isolated from one another and (b) headspaces allowed to equilibrate. Ra and Rb = initial relative humidities above A and B VA and VB = headspace volumes above A and B Rf and VT = final relative humidity and headspace volume above A and B. (From Ref. 95.)...

Method involves measuring the change in molecular mobility (rotational and translational mobility) experienced by nuclei associated with solid components (e.g., 111 and 13C). The temperature associated with an increase in solid component mobility is assigned as Tg... 

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