Solid-state array detector

J. M. Hamly and R. E. Fields, Solid-State Array Detectors for Analytical Spectrometry, Appl. Spectros. 1997,51, 334A Q. S. Hanley, C. W. Earle,... 

Although most of the radiation sources for AAS are LSs, the great advances in detector technology, especially the development of solid-state array detectors and charge-coupled devices (CCDs), have led to the successful application of continuous sources (CSs) for AAS. A modern CS is based on a conventional xenon short-arc lamp that has been optimized to run in the so-called hot-spot mode.9 This discharge mode requires the appearance of a small plasma spot close to the cathode... 

New developments in solid-state array detectors and CCDs, as well as powerful, specially designed echelle spectrometers and improvements in CSs, have led to a fresh concept for AAS, which allows the simultaneous determination of several elements based on atomic absorption measurements.9... 

Spatial Devices. Spatial devices use detection elements which are separated from each other in space. Although the photographic plate may be considered the original spatial detector, this discussion will be limited to electronically-based detection systems. Such systems include the direct-reading spectrometer and various solid-state array detector spectrometers. 

Image Devices. Although he never assembled an actual TV-spectrometer, Margoshes was the first to recognize the potential of TV-type detectors in analytical atomic spectroscopy. In a series of reports (50,51,52) he speculated on the advantages of using an SEC tube [vide infra] to detect radiation dispersed by an echelle spectrograph. These reports and the recent availability of various solid-state array detectors have prompted numerous... 

One-Dimensional versus Two-Dimensional. It is not possible to review in detail all the studies which have been conducted to date on the application of solid-state array detectors to SMA. 

Figure 7.18 (a) Photograph of a CID. This solid-state array detector captures an electronic image... 

Figure 7.18 (a) Photograph of a CID. This solid-state array detector captures an eiectronic image of the compiete emission spectrum, (b) The echeiiogram of a sampie of zinc oxide coiiected by a CiD detector from a DC arc source. ( Thermo Fisher Scientific (www.thermofisher.com). Used with permission.)... 

Hamly, J.M. Fields, R.E. Solid-state array detectors for analytical spectrometry. A/>/>/. Spectrosc., 51(9), 334A, 1997. 

Array detectors can also be two-dimensional and can be used for imaging. We will discuss spectroscopic applications of such imaging later. The field of solid-state array detectors is rapidly developing, driven by TV applications. The whole area of CCD (Chai ge Coupled Device) technology will undoubtedly yield interesting new possibilities for advanced detection of spectroscopic information. Imaging electro-optic detectors have been discussed in [6.102-6.104]. 

Solid-state metal-matrix composite processing, 16 169-173 Solid-state multielement detector arrays, 23 141... 

NiTPP-(piperidine)2. At that initial stage of the APS operation, clusters of six X-ray pulses with a combined duration of 14 ns were used to probe the intermediate structure before the rebinding of the ligands. By today s standards, the experiment was relatively straightforward with only nanosecond time resolution, however, the results demonstrated for the first time (1) the feasibility of XTA measurements at a synchrotron source for a dilute solution (ImM), (2) that structural determination with 100-ps resolution can be achieved using singlet X-ray probe pulses when they were available, (3) what the pros and cons are using the available solid state Ge detector array (Canberra) and (4) that the photodissociation intermediate is square-planar under the time resolution limit. 

Figure 4. Simplified schematic of an optical/infrared focal plane array. The detector is a thin wafer of light sensitive material that is connected to a thin layer of solid state electronics - the connection is made either by direct deposition (CCD) or bump bonding (IR detector). The solid state electronics amplify and read out the charge produced by the incident light.

Although astronomy is accustomed to the detection of a few photons per pixel, the electric charge of a few electrons is extremely small. A critical part of the design of a focal plane array is the amplifier which converts the small amount of charge in each pixel into a signal that can be transmitted off the detector. The amplifier in an optical or infrared detectors is typically a field effect transistor (FET), a solid state structure which allows a very small amount... 

A photomultiplier tube is a sensitive detector of visible and ultraviolet radiation photons cause electrons to be ejected from a metallic cathode. The signal is amplified at each successive dynode on which the photoelectrons impinge. Photodiode arrays and charge coupled devices are solid-state detectors in which photons create electrons and holes in semiconductor materials. Coupled to a polychromator, these devices can record all wavelengths of a spectrum simultaneously, with resolution limited by the number and spacing of detector elements. Common infrared detectors include thermocouples, ferroelectric materials, and photoconductive and photovoltaic devices. 

When it reaches its full capability, TASCC will accelerate all ions between lithium and uranium to energies up to 50 MeV/u and 10 MeV/u, respectively, It will feed some major pieces of apparatus the Q3D magnetic spectrometer, the isotope separator, a growing array of gas and solid-state detectors housed in a 1.5 m diameter scattering chamber, and the 8ir" Y-ray spectrometer [AND 84], All are currently operational except the 8ir spectrometer, which is being built by a consortium of Canadian universities and AECL Chalk River, with completion scheduled for late 1986. It will comprise two subsystems i) a spin spectrometer of 72 bismuth germanate (BGO) detectors, and ii) an array of 20 Compton-suppressed hyperpure (HP) Ge detectors. 

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