Solid solution table

Further reports of Br SSNMR have been tabulated and can be found in Tables 9-17. Very brief summaries are provided within the tables, where appropriate. Although not discussed explicitly here, some / Br SSNMR experiments have been carried out upon sodalite solid solutions (Table 13), as well as paramagnetic, ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials (Table 17). In the latter systems, the NMR experiments have been largely carried out below liquid helium temperature using single crystals. 

Although intermetallic phases may have a dissolution potential rather different from that of the solid solution (Table B.1.5), they have no influence on the dissolution potential. However, they may give rise to intercrystalline corrosion, exfoliation corrosion, or stress corrosion if localised at or close to grain boundaries (see Section B.2.3). 

The tables in this section contain values of the enthalpy and Gibbs energy of formation, entropy, and heat capacity at 298.15 K (25°C). No values are given in these tables for metal alloys or other solid solutions, for fused salts, or for substances of undefined chemical composition. 

Binary Alloys. Aluminum-rich binary phase diagrams show tliree types of reaction between liquid alloy, aluminum solid solution, and otlier phases eutectic, peritectic, and monotectic. Table 16 gives representative data for reactions in tlie systems Al—Al. Diagrams are shown in Figures 10—19. Compilations of phase diagrams may be found in reference 41. 

Table 26. Electrode Potentials of Aluminum Solid Solutions and Intermetallic Particles...

Alkaline-Earth Titanates. Some physical properties of representative alkaline-earth titanates ate Hsted in Table 15. The most important apphcations of these titanates are in the manufacture of electronic components (109). The most important member of the class is barium titanate, BaTi03, which owes its significance to its exceptionally high dielectric constant and its piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties. Further, because barium titanate easily forms solid solutions with strontium titanate, lead titanate, zirconium oxide, and tin oxide, the electrical properties can be modified within wide limits. Barium titanate may be made by, eg, cocalcination of barium carbonate and titanium dioxide at ca 1200°C. With the exception of Ba2Ti04, barium orthotitanate, titanates do not contain discrete TiO ions but ate mixed oxides. Ba2Ti04 has the P-K SO stmcture in which distorted tetrahedral TiO ions occur. 

Table 1 fists many metal borides and their observed melting points. Most metals form mote than one boride phase and borides often form a continuous series of solid solutions with one another at elevated temperatures thus close composition control is necessary to achieve particular properties. The relatively small size of boron atoms facilitates diffusion. 

Most investigators have focused their attention on a differential segment of the zone between the feed injection and the crystal melter. Analysis of crystal formation and growth in the recoveiy section has received scant attention. Table 22-4 summarizes the scope of the literature treatment for center-fed columns for both solid-solution and eutectic forming systems. 

The difference in stability between FeO and NiO is not as large as that between iron and copper oxides, and so the preferential oxidation of iron is not so marked in pentlandite. Furthermore, the nickel and iron monoxides form a continuous series of solid solutions, and so a small amount of nickel is always removed into die oxide phase (Table 9.2). 

As you can see from the tables in Chapter 1, few metals are used in their pure state -they nearly always have other elements added to them which turn them into alloys and give them better mechanical properties. The alloying elements will always dissolve in the basic metal to form solid solutions, although the solubility can vary between <0.01% and 100% depending on the combinations of elements we choose. As examples, the iron in a carbon steel can only dissolve 0.007% carbon at room temperature the copper in brass can dissolve more than 30% zinc and the copper-nickel system - the basis of the monels and the cupronickels - has complete solid solubility. 

Of the generic aluminium alloys (see Chapter 1, Table 1.4), the 5000 series derives most of its strength from solution hardening. The Al-Mg phase diagram (Fig. 10.1) shows why at room temperature aluminium can dissolve up to 1.8 wt% magnesium at equilibrium. In practice, Al-Mg alloys can contain as much as 5.5 wt% Mg in solid solution at room temperature - a supersaturation of 5.5 - 1.8 = 3.7 wt%. In order to get this supersaturation the alloy is given the following schedule of heat treatments. 

Interdiffusion of bilayered thin films also can be measured with XRD. The diffraction pattern initially consists of two peaks from the pure layers and after annealing, the diffracted intensity between these peaks grows because of interdiffusion of the layers. An analysis of this intensity yields the concentration profile, which enables a calculation of diffusion coefficients, and diffusion coefficients cm /s are readily measured. With the use of multilayered specimens, extremely small diffusion coefficients (-10 cm /s) can be measured with XRD. Alternative methods of measuring concentration profiles and diffusion coefficients include depth profiling (which suffers from artifacts), RBS (which can not resolve adjacent elements in the periodic table), and radiotracer methods (which are difficult). For XRD (except for multilayered specimens), there must be a unique relationship between composition and the d-spacings in the initial films and any solid solutions or compounds that form this permits calculation of the compo-... 

The fee lattice of the coinage metals has 1 valency electron per atom (d °s ). Admixture with metals further to the right of the periodic table (e.g. Zn) increases the electron concentration in the primary alloy ( -phase) which can be described as an fee solid solution... 

Tantalum-Molybdenum Schumb, Radtke and Bever studied the corrosion resistance of tantalum-molybdenum alloys that form a continuous series of solid solutions. The results of tests of up to 500 hours duration (Table 5.26) indicate the corrosion resistance of the alloy to be substantially that of tantalum, provided its concentration exceeds 50%. 

The heat of solution of silver bromide in water at 25°C is 20,150 cal/mole. Taking the value of the entropy and the solubility of the crystalline solid from Tables 44 and 33, find by the method of Secs. 48 and 49 the difference between the unitary part of the partial inolal entropy of the bromide ion Br and that of the iodide ion I-. 

We have, in this chapter, encountered a number of properties of solids. In Table 5-II, we found that melting points and heats of melting of different solids vary widely. To melt a mole of solid neon requires only 80 calories of heat, whereas a mole of solid copper requires over 3000 calories. Some solids dissolve in water to form conducting solutions (as does sodium chloride), others dissolve in water but no conductivity results (as with sugar). Some solids dissolve in ethyl alcohol but not in water (iodine, for example). Solids also range in appearance. There is little resemblance between a transparent piece of glass and a lustrous piece of aluminum foil, nor between a lump of coal and a clear crystal of sodium chloride. 

Table II also demonstrates the discrepancy existing between E0/RTe calculated by the Yang-Li quasi-chemical theory and the experimental ratio. E0 is the energy difference between a fully ordered superlattice and the corresponding solid solution with an ideally random atom species distribution. It is a quantity that can only be estimated from existing experimental information, but the disparity between theory and experiment is beyond question.

Four of the solid solutions of Table III have excess entropies of solution which include contributions from magnetic disordering in both the alloy and in one or both of the pure components. These contributions can be quite large, and since there is no assurance... 

Reference has already been made to the dehydration of alums (Sect. 1.2 and Table 10), decomposition of ammonium metal phosphates (Sect. 4.1.5) and the use of KMn04—KCIO4 solid solutions in mechanistic studies of the decomposition of potassium permanganate (Sect. 3.6). 

STRATEGY First, we write the chemical equation for the equilibrium between the solid solute and the complex in solution as the sum of the equations for the solubility and complex formation equilibria. The equilibrium constant for the overall equilibrium is therefore the product of the equilibrium constants for the two processes. Then, we set up an equilibrium table and solve for the equilibrium concentrations of ions in solution. 

Zirconium carbide (ZrC) is a refractory interstitial carbide with a high melting point. It is produced by CVD mostly on an experimental basis although it has some nuclear applications. Like TiC, cubic ZrC has a variable composition and forms solid solutions with oxygen and nitrogen over a wide range of composition. Its characteristics and properties are summarized in Table 9.10. 

Knowledge of phase diagrams is not only a prerequisite for efficient crystal-growth, but also provides information on the formation of solid solutions, in which, for example, physical properties may change continuously. The numerous publications concerning Group VA systems are summarized in Tables XXV-XXVII, together with the respective references and the most important information. Abbreviations used... 

Compounds isotypic with the k phases arc found among intcrmetallics, borides, carbides and oxides and also with silicides, germanides, arsenides, sulfides and sclcnides no nitrides, however, are found. The mode of filling the various voids in the metal host lattice of the k phases follows the schemein Ref. 4 and is presented in Table 1 for all those compounds for which the atom distribution is well known from x-ray or neutron diffraction. Accordingly, B atoms in tc-borides, Zr, Mo, W, Re)4B and Hfy(Mo, W, Re, Os)4B , occupy the trigonal prismatic interstices within the parent metal framework of a Mn, Aln,-type structure (see Table 1 see also ref. 48). Extended solid solutions are found for (Hf, Al)[Pg.140]

The materials for solid solutions of transition elements in j3-rh boron are prepared by arc melting the component elements or by solid-state diffusion of the metal into /3-rhombohedral (/3-rh) boron. Compositions as determined by erystal structure and electron microprobe analyses together with the unit cell dimensions are given in Table 1. The volume of the unit cell (V ) increases when the solid solution is formed. As illustrated in Fig. 1, V increases nearly linearly with metal content for the solid solution of Cu in /3-rh boron. In addition to the elements listed in Table 1, the expansion of the unit cell exceeds 7.0 X 10 pm for saturated solid solutions " of Ti, V, (2o, Ni, As, Se and Hf in /3-rh boron, whereas the increase is smaller for the remaining elements. The solubility of these elements does not exceed a few tenths at %. The microhardness of the solid solution increases with V . Boron is a brittle material, indicating the accommodation of transition-element atoms in the -rh boron structure is associated with an increase in the cohesion energy of the solid. 

Table 1. Data on Solid Solutions in -Rhombohedral Boron ...

One way that a solid metal can accommodate another is by substitution. For example, sterling silver is a solid solution containing 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper. Copper and silver occupy the same column of the periodic table, so they share many properties, but copper atoms (radius of 128 pm) are smaller than silver atoms (radius of 144 pm). Consequently, copper atoms can readily replace silver atoms in the solid crystalline state, as shown schematically in Figure 12-4. 

Redox reactions may involve solids, solutes, gases, or charge flows. Consequently, you must be prepared for all the various conversions from molar amounts to measurable variables. As a reminder. Table 19-2 lists the four relationships used for mole calculations. 

Numerous ternary systems are known for II-VI structures incorporating elements from other groups of the Periodic Table. One example is the Zn-Fe-S system Zn(II) and Fe(II) may substimte each other in chalcogenide structures as both are divalent and have similar radii. The cubic polymorphs of ZnS and FeS have almost identical lattice constant a = 5.3 A) and form solid solutions in the entire range of composition. The optical band gap of these alloys varies (rather anomalously) within the limits of the ZnS (3.6 eV) and FeS (0.95 eV) values. The properties of Zn Fei-xS are well suited for thin film heterojunction-based solar cells as well as for photoluminescent and electroluminescent devices. 

So, in the latter case the apparent activation energy is increased by the heat of adsorption of CO, amounting to about 40-60 kJ/mol as calculated from the IR experiments. Hence, for both the Co and the Cu samples E is slightly larger than 2 (table 2) while for iron ai is considerably lower. All these values are compatible with values reported in the literature for Fe-zeolites [6,7,10,11] or dilute solid solutions of Co in MgO [31]. The kinetic and IR results with NO indicate that, like CO, it can remove the oxygen from the... 

As noted, light-emitting diodes can be used to illustrate a variety of basic chemical concepts. Substitutional solid solutions like GaAsJPj (0 < x < 1) effectively extend the periodic table by providing a tunable band gap, which translates to tunability in the color of emitted light (4). 

As we can see from the last entry in this table, we have deduced only a rule. In InBi there are Bi-Bi contacts and it has metallic properties. Further examples that do not fulfill the rule are LiPb (Pb atoms surrounded only by Li) and K8Ge46. In the latter, all Ge atoms have four covalent bonds they form a wide-meshed framework that encloses the K+ ions (Fig. 16.26, p. 188) the electrons donated by the potassium atoms are not taken over by the germanium, and instead they form a band. In a way, this is a kind of a solid solution, with germanium as solvent for K+ and solvated electrons. K8Ge46 has metallic properties. In the sense of the 8-A rule the metallic electrons can be captured in K8Ga8Ge38, which has the same structure, all the electrons of the potassium are required for the framework, and it is a semiconductor. In spite of the exceptions, the concept has turned out to be very fruitful, especially in the context of understanding the Zintl phases. 

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