Saturated solids

The materials for solid solutions of transition elements in j3-rh boron are prepared by arc melting the component elements or by solid-state diffusion of the metal into /3-rhombohedral (/3-rh) boron. Compositions as determined by erystal structure and electron microprobe analyses together with the unit cell dimensions are given in Table 1. The volume of the unit cell (V ) increases when the solid solution is formed. As illustrated in Fig. 1, V increases nearly linearly with metal content for the solid solution of Cu in /3-rh boron. In addition to the elements listed in Table 1, the expansion of the unit cell exceeds 7.0 X 10 pm for saturated solid solutions " of Ti, V, (2o, Ni, As, Se and Hf in /3-rh boron, whereas the increase is smaller for the remaining elements. The solubility of these elements does not exceed a few tenths at %. The microhardness of the solid solution increases with V . Boron is a brittle material, indicating the accommodation of transition-element atoms in the -rh boron structure is associated with an increase in the cohesion energy of the solid. 

To hydrolyse an ester of a phenol fi.g., phenyl acetate), proceed as above but cool the alkaline reaction mixture and treat it with carbon dioxide until saturated (solid carbon dioxide may also be used). Whether a solid phenol separates or not, remove it by extraction with ether. Acidify the aqueous bicarbonate solution with dilute sulphuric acid and isolate the acid as detailed for the ester of an alcohol. An alternative method, which is not so time-consuming, may be employed. Cool the alkaline reaction mixture in ice water, and add dilute sulphuric acid with stirring until the solution is acidic to Congo red paper and the acid, if aromatic or otherwise insoluble in the medium, commences to separate as a faint but permanent precipitate. Now add 6 per cent, sodium carbonate solution with vigorous stirring until the solution is alkaline to litmus paper and the precipitate redissolves completely. Remove the phenol by extraction with ether. Acidify the residual aqueous solution and investigate the organic acid as above. 

Fig. 9 Inverse of the crystallization half-time as a function of isothermal crystallization temperature for PCL11 homopolymer and for the PCL block of the indicated copolymers. All experiments were performed after the PPDX block had been previously crystallized until saturation. Solid lines are fits to the Lauritzen and Hoffman theory. (From [103]. Reproduced with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry)...

Saturated Solid at room temperature Meat, dairy products, palm oil, coconut oil, and cocoa butter Raise cholesterol... 

Soft biological structures exhibit finite strains and nonlinear anisotropic material response. The hydrated tissue can be viewed as a fluid-saturated porous medium or a continuum mixture of incompressible solid (s), mobile incompressible fluid (f), and three (or an arbitrary number) mobile charged species a, (3 = p,m, b). A mixed Electro-Mechano-Chemical-Porous-Media-Transport or EMCPMT theory (previously denoted as the LMPHETS theory) is presented with (a) primary fields (continuous at material interfaces) displacements, Ui and generalized potentials, ifi ( , r/ = /, e, to, b) and (b) secondary fields (discontinuous) pore fluid pressure, pf electrical potential, /7e and species concentration (molarity), ca = dna/dVf or apparent concentration, ca = nca and c = Jnca = dna/dVo. The porosity, n = 1 — J-1(l — no) and no = no(Xi) = dVj/dVo for a fluid-saturated solid. Fixed charge density (FCD) in the solid is defined as cF = dnF/dV , cF = ncF, and cF = cF (Xf = JncF = dnF/d o. 

In this paper a static linear elastic deformation problem for a fluid saturated solid is formulated in which the behavior of the solid matrix is described by a second gradient model. The non-deformed configuration, chosen as a reference configuration, for the considered mixture can not be stress-free indeed the saturating fluid must exhibit internal stresses acting both on the solid constituent and on its sub-bodies. 

In most cases, the maximum concentration represents the composition of the saturated solid at 25 °C. For example, the concentration of NaCl(cr) at 25 °C is 6.11m (Fig. 3.4). An example where this is not the case is Na2SC>4, where the maximum concent at ion of 4.0 m is twice the concentration at equilibria with Na2SO4 10H2O(cr) at 25 °C. In this particular case, we extended... 

Gold. No compounds. Saturated solid solutions contain 3-5 and 94 per cent, of gold respectively. W. Wahl, Zeitsch. anorg. Chem., 1910, 66, 60. Hatchett, Phil-. Trans., 1803, p. 43. 

The C C bonds in vegetable oils can foe reduced by catalytic hydrogenation (Section 7.7) to produce saturated solid orsemisolid fats. Margarine... 

A modified and simplified dissociation constant can be obtained if the constraint is imposed that the solution is saturated (solid MA present) ... 

During charging and discharging, the overall composition of the Li-Al alloy electrode changes into a two-phase region limited on one side by a saturated solid solution of Li in A1 (a phase) and on the other side by the p phase of Li-Al alloy. These processes are accompanied by a first order phase transition, clearly indicated by the discontinuity of the AE relation (Fig. 3.56) and typical 3D nucleation and... 

Boron carbide is rhombohedral (a = 5.163 A a = 65.59°). The stoichiometric composition of boron carbide is Bi3C2(B6.5C), so that B4C is a carbon-saturated solid solution. The phase diagram for the B-C system is shown in Figure 1. The density as a function of stoichiometry is shown in Figure 2. 

Figure 7. Top Comparison of calculated [S(-II)] profiles with [OJ kept constant at air saturation (solid line) and with the oxygen-transfer coefficient of Table III (broken line) at pH 10, OHinptU = 3.5 xM/rmn, [S(-II)]0 = 300 p.M, and [OJ0 = 240 (J.M. Bottom Corresponding [O,] profiles.

Figure 3.51 Cyclic voltammetry (v = 1 Vs-1) of CoPI (see insert) modified graphite surface in neat (dotted line) and 02-saturated (solid line) 1 M NaOH aqueous solutions. The surface concentration of CoPI as determined from coulometry was about 4 x 10-10 mol cm-2.

Figure 3.59 Levich (A) and Koutecky— Levich (B) plots obtained from theCo2FTF 4—2,1N-H coated graphite electrode ofthe RRDE in the caption to Figure 3.58 in air- (open circles), and 02-saturated (solid circles) 1 M CF3COOH solutions. The dashed lines in this figure represent theoretical values for/ im forthe four-electron reduction of 02 based on the experimental conditions specified.

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