Crystallization efficiency

Thus on applying rapidly reversing charges to a piezoelectric material fluctuations in dimensions will be produced. This effect can be harnessed to transmit ultrasonic vibrations from the crystal section through whatever medium it might be in. However it is not possible to drive a given piece of piezoelectric crystal efficiently at every frequency. Optimum performance will only be obtained at the natural resonance frequency of the particular sample - and this depends upon its dimensions. In the... 

Disorder-depleted Mutant Improved Crystallization Efficiency and Produced High Resolution Structure... 

The net effect of the factor P /al is, of course, to modify the percent crystallinity at every temperature. Calculation shows that this model gives a much better fit of the crystallinity vs. temperature curve, but there are still significant deviations which can best be taken care of by considerations of crystallization efficiency and the car parking correction. 

The efficiency of one riffier was found to be dependent on the relative proportions of the mixture using a mixture of quartz and copper sulfate crystals. Efficiency increased with increasing particle size, was reproducible under similar experimental conditions. 

Figure 8. Amorphous volume fraction, as a function of normalized ion dose for different values of crystallization efficiency, A..

The amorphous fraction as a function of D is plotted for different crystallization efficiencies in Figure 8. For small A, fa is a simple exponential function. In fact, fa =... 

The temperature dependence of amorphization dose can also be derived by including the kinetics for thermal recovery in the crystallization efficiency parameter. A, which can be written as (SX Wang 1997, SX Wang et al. 2000e) ... 

The yields of aluminium and silicon are nearly constant for all the experiments, the yield of aluminium loeing slightly higher. The yield of incorporation of boron, instead, is very low when the synthesis gel is aluminium-rich (exp. -4). Boron and aluminium are incorporated at the same extent only when the available boron largely exceeds aluminium (exp. 5, 6). This behaviour can be accounted for by a competition between the Kinetics of incorporation of borosilicate and aluminosilicate units in the zeolite. No rate constants can be established without a knowledge of the partition coefficients of the elements between the liquid and solid phases of the synthesis gel. Anyway, the higher crystallization efficiency of the... 

Crystallizer efficiency is 60% (for each pound of p-xylene in the crystallizer feed 0.6 lb is removed as p-xylene product). This efficiency is also fairly typical of commercial experience. 

The lipids are removed. The sample is washed by immersion of the tissue section in a chloroform bath for 30 s to remove abundant phospholipids these lipids lead to highly abim-dant signals in the 500-1,500 mass range hampering the observation of peptide signals, generating ionization suppression effects and poor matrix crystallization efficiency see Note 4). 

This large continuous isotropic liquid region at first appears highly appealing, but effective utilization of shorter chain length alcohols as cosurfactants is countered by another factor. Butanol certainly destabilizes the lamellar liquid crystal efficiently (Figure 1.6), but when the hydrocarbon is added to form the microemulsion, the butanol is too water soluble and does not reach and reside at the oil/ water interface sufficiently. As a result, the system forms two separate phases a traditional macroemulsion of oil and water. 

Dissolve 200 g. of sodium nitrite in 400 ml. of water in a 2-litre beaker provided with an efficient mechanical stirrer, and add 40 g. of copper powder (either the precipitated powder or copper bronze which has been washed with a little ether). Suspend the fluoborate in about 200 ml. of water and add it slowly to the well-stirred mixture. Add 4-5 ml. of ether from time to time to break the froth. The reaction is complete when all the diazonium compound has been added. Transfer the mixture to a large flask and steam distil until no more solid passes over (about 5 litres of distillate). Filter off" the crystalline solid in the steam distillate and dry upon filter paper in the air this o-dinitrobenzene (very pale yellow crystals) has m.p. 116° (t.c., is practically pure) and weighs 29 g. It may be recrystallised from alcohol the recrystallised solid melts at 116-5°. 

Hydrolysis of benzyl cyanide to phenylacetamide. In a 1500 ml. three-necked flask, provided with a thermometer, reflux condenser and efficient mechanical stirrer, place 100 g. (98 ml.) of benzyl]cyanide and 400 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Immerse the flask in a water bath at 40°. and stir the mixture vigorously the benzyl cyanide passes into solution within 20-40 minutes and the temperature of the reaction mixture rises to about 50°, Continue the stirring for an additional 20-30 minutes after the mixture is homogeneous. Replace the warm water in the bath by tap water at 15°, replace the thermometer by a dropping funnel charged with 400 ml. of cold distilled water, and add the latter with stirring crystals commence to separate after about 50-75 ml. have been introduced. When all the water has been run in, cool the mixture externally with ice water for 30 minutes (1), and collect the crude phenylacetamide by filtration at the pump. Remove traces of phenylacetic acid by stirring the wet sohd for about 30 minutes with two 50 ml. portions of cold water dry the crystals at 50-80°. The yield of phenylacetamide, m.p. 154-155°, is 95 g. RecrystaUisation from benzene or rectified spirit raises the m.p. to 156°. 

Place 65 g. of clean dry zinc wool and a few crystals of iodine in a 2 5 htre three-necked flask, equipped with an efficient reflux condenser with drying tube, a mechanical stirrer, and a dropping funnel. Prepare a mixture... 

Samarium has a bright silver luster and is reasonably stable in air. Three crystal modifications of the metal exist, with transformations at 734 and 922oC. The metal ignites in air at about ISOoC. The sulfide has excellent high-temperature stability and good thermoelectric efficiencies up to llOOoC. 

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