Solid silicon monoxide

The already complicated picture of solid silicon monoxide becomes even more so because the analytical composition sometimes differs from what would be expected. Excesses of oxygen are often observed. These divergences are possibly due to a small excess of oxygen in the gaseous phase. It has also been proposed that reactions occur with the surface of the apparatus. 

The next two chapters deal with investigations concerning solid silicon monoxide. The application of thin films of this material is based on its unique mechanical, chemical, and dielectric properties. It is related to Si-Si systems in so far as solid SiO consists of small particles of Si and Si02. Depending on the conditions for synthesis, the material has different local structures. In the contribution of U. Schubert and T. Wieder (Chapter 18), the structure and reactivity of a special SiO modification (Patinal ) is described. This material consists of Si and Si02 regions of 0.25 - 0.5 nm in diameter, which are connected by a thin interface. Most of the SiO reactions are also observed for elemental silicon. H. Hofineister and U. Kahler (Chapter 19) show that thermal processing of solid SiO (from BALZERS) up to 1300°C leads to phase separation into Si nanocrystallites embedded in an SiOx matrix. Their internal structure is determined by solid-phase crystallization processes. 

Nevertheless, solid silicon monoxide can be produced by fast quenching of gaseous SiO to room temperature (Vurzel et al., 1965). Electronics requires the production of pure silicon monoxide. For this reason, plasma reduction of Si02 to SiO should be done without using any special reduction agents, which can contaminate the product. Silicon itself, however, can be used to intensify Si02 decomposition ... 

Silicon is generally considered to be a congener of carbon and this is also reflected in the evolution of silicon as a reducing agent for metal oxides. Silicon forms a fairly stable solid oxide silica or silicon dioxide (Si02) and also a stable gaseous oxide silicon monoxide (SiO), both of which can be useful in oxide reduction reactions. 

Silicon monoxide is a light-brown solid which finds limited use as a pigment. 

An amorphous silicon monoxide could be formed as a structure between metallic silicon (oxidation state zero) and silicon dioxide (oxidation state four). Structures like those shown above seem to be possible. If we summarize all available facts about SiO in the solid state, the following picture is obtained ... 

Since the first synthesis of silicon monoxide by Potter 1905, the chemical state and atomic structure of this amorphous solid have been discussed controversially. The known binary phase diagrams of silicon and oxygen that... 

Germanium Dioxide. The chemical reaction of oxygen with germanium is similar to the thermal oxidation of silicon which results in the growth of a thin layer of silicon dioxide. As noted above, germanium oxidation is complicated by the formation of an intermediate reaction product, germanium monoxide, which, unlike silicon monoxide, is thermodynamically unstable as a solid and sublimes near its formation temperature (46,47). Therefore, instead... 

Write a balanced equation for the reaction between solid silicon dioxide and solid carbon to produce solid silicon carbide and carbon monoxide gas. 

Thus, a solid and a gas react to form two gases (10). When the temperatures drop in the heat exchanger, the silicon monoxide undergoes disproportionation to... 

Ren Y, Ding J, Yuan N, Jia S, Qu M, Yu Z (2012) Preparation and characterization of silicon monoxide/graphite/carbon nanotubes composite as anode for lithium-ion batteries. J Solid State Elecrochem 16 1453-1460... 

Unlike uranium pentaehloride, which is thermally unstable, protactinium pentachloride sublimes unchanged above 180°C in vacuo. It is a yellow, moisture-sensitive solid which is slightly soluble in benzene, tetrahydrofuran, and carbon tetrachloride. Visible absorption speetra have been reeorded for solutions in the last two solvents and in aleohol (110). Reactions with hydrogen, aluminum, oxygen, and silicon tetra-iodide are discussed below. It is unaffected by carbon monoxide at 350°C in a sealed tube. 

There are numerous theoretical and experimental results demonstrating that simple molecular solids transform into nonmolecular phases at high pressures and temperatures, ranging from monatomic molecular solids such as sulfur [61], phosphorous [62] and carbon [63] to diatomic molecular solids such as nitrogen [8, 9,40], carbon monoxide [12] and iodine [20, 21], to triatomic molecules such as ice [24, 25], carbon dioxide [10, 31, 37] and carbon disulfide [64, 65] to polyatomics such as methane [27, 28] and cyanogen [11], and aromatic compounds [29]. In this section, we will limit our discussion within a few molecular triatomics first to review the transformations in two isoelectronic linear triatomics, carbon dioxide and nitrous dioxide, and then to discuss their periodic analogies to carbon disulfide and silicone dioxide. 

A good example is the molecule SiO, a cosmic precursor to silicon oxide chemistry as we now know it on earth (22). In more recent times, too, this molecule has assumed considerable significance because of its relevance to oxidation reactions taking place at the surfaces of silicon wafers and to the creation of antireflection coatings on these and other solid-state devices. Unlike its more familiar counterpart carbon monoxide, SiO is normally quick to aggregate and disproportionate [Reaction (5)] at temperatures below 1000°C ... 

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