Plasma reduction

Other methods iaclude hydrogen reduction of TiCl to TiCl and TiCl2 reduction above the melting poiat of titanium metal with sodium, which presents a container problem plasma reduction, ia which titanium is collected as a powder, and ionized and vaporized titanium combine with chlorine gas to reform TiCl2 on cool-down and aluminum reduction, which reduces TiCl to lower chlorides (19,20). 

Plasmared [Plasma reduction] A direct reduction ironmaking process, using natural gas as the reductant and heated by an electric plasma. Operated in Sweden by SKF from 1981 to 1984. See DR. 

Keywords Metallurgical wastes Thermal plasmas Reduction Ferrites... 

An in vitro study in human blood showed that chromium(VI) was rapidly cleared from the plasma (Corbett et al. 1998). The reduction capacity appears to be concentration dependent and is overwhelmed at spike concentrations between 2,000 and 10,000 pg/L. High chromium(VI) concentrations (10,000 pg/L spike concentration) resulted in an accumulation of chromium(VI) in the erythrocytes and a lower plasma erythrocyte ratio of total chromium. This study also found that the plasma reduction capacity was enhanced by a recent meal. 

Human variability in plasma reduction capacity can influence the ratio between blood and urinary chromium levels (Korallus 1986a, 1986b). In vitro experiments indicate that when chromium(VI) plasma levels exceed the plasma reduction capacity (PRC), chromium(VI) enters erythrocytes, is reduced, and binds to hemoglobin. The bond persists for the lifetime of the erythrocytes (120 days) therefore, a single... 

The events leading to atherosclerotic lesions and cardiovascular disease are mani fold and not known with certainty. Therapy has been based on the goals of reducing the concentration of LDLfatty streaks. An increase in HDL-choleslerol is considered to be of value because its presence indicates an increased rate of removal of cholesterol from the walls of arteries. 

Because the plasma discharge is inefficient in dissociating droplets greater than 10p,m in diameter, the primary function of the spray chamber is to allow only the smallest droplets of about 5-10 xm to enter the plasma for dissociation, atomization, and finally ionization of the sample components. Its secondary aim is to reduce the effect of the peristaltic pump pulses on the nebulization process. Some ICP-MS spray chambers are also externally cooled (typically to 2-5 °C) to minimize the amount of solvent going into the plasma. Reduction of oxide species is the main benefit of this technical solution when volatile organic solvents are aspirated (e.g. ethanol in alcoholic beverages). 

Combined ammonium and/or potassium oxalate does not cause shrinkage of erythrocytes. However, other oxalates can cause shrinkage by drawing water into the plasma. Reduction in hematocrit may be as much as 10%, causing a reduction in the concentration of plasma constituents of 5%. As fluid is lost from the cells, an exchange of electrolytes and other constituents across the cell membrane occurs. Oxalate inhibits several enzymes, including acid and alkaline phosphatases, amylase, and lactate dehydrogenase, and may cause precipitation of calcium as the oxalate salt. 

PLASMA REDUCTION OF OXIDES OF METALS AND OTHER ELEMENTS... 

Thermal Plasma Reduction of Iron Ore, Iron Production from Oxides Using Hydrogen and Hydrocarbons, and Plasma-Chemical Steel Manufacturing... 

Plasma Reduction of Oxides of Metals and Other Elements... 

Hydrogen lednction of timgsten oxide (as well as oxides of other refractory metals) proceeds in thermal plasma at high-temperatmes when molecular products of the reduction process are not stable. Thermodynamic and kinetic analysis shows that the high-temperature thermal plasma reduction processes follow the so-called dissociative reduction mechanism... 

Another example of H2 plasma reduction of oxides of refractory metals is the production of Mo ... 

Double-Stage Carbothermic Thermal Plasma Reduction of Rare and Refractory Metals from Their Oxides... 

Figure 7-19. Schematic of the carbothermic plasma reduction of metals from their oxides following by metal refining.

Plasma reduction of metals from their oxides can also be carried out in fluidized beds. Such technology was applied, in particular, for the caibothermic reduction of iron from FeO Ti02 (Borodulia, 1973) ... 

Nevertheless, solid silicon monoxide can be produced by fast quenching of gaseous SiO to room temperature (Vurzel et al., 1965). Electronics requires the production of pure silicon monoxide. For this reason, plasma reduction of Si02 to SiO should be done without using any special reduction agents, which can contaminate the product. Silicon itself, however, can be used to intensify Si02 decomposition ... 

The direct plasma reduction of indium and germanimn from their oxides is similar to that of vanadium. The melting temperature of indium oxide (ln203) is 2183 K. Decomposition of In203 is also endothermic, although energy consumption here is less than in the case of the direct reduction of vanadium ... 

Plasma-Chemical Production of Boron Thermal Plasma Reduction of BCI3 with Hydrogen... 

Figure 7—34. Schematic of plasma reduction of boron from BCI3 (1) quartz plasmatron, (2) RF inductor, (3) quenching zone, (4) filter, (5) powder trapping system.

Production of niobium by H2 plasma reduction of its pentachloride can be described as... 

Plasma reduction of tetrachlorides was analyzed by Vurzel et al. (1965) and Krapukhin and Korolev (1968) using atmospheric-pressure plasmajets of arcs and RF-ICP discharges. The formation of Ge,... 

Thermal Plasma Reduction of Some Other Halides with Hydrogen Plasma Production of Intermetallic Compounds... 

Yukhimchuk, S.A., Shinka, YP. (1976), Plasma Reduction of Silicon Oxides by Hydrogen and Natural Gas, in Plasma Processes in Metallurgy and Technology of Inorganic Materials, A. A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy of USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka (Science), Moscow. 

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