Solid advantage

Structural foam (or integral foam) is a foam where the walls are solid. Advantages ... 

Foams can flow like liquids and remain motionless like a solid. Advantages of foams include their capability to be run over a wide range of pressures and temperatures, ease of application, and flow-back capabilities. 

The gas fluidized bed is a good medium in which to carry out a chemical reaction involving a gas and a solid. Advantages of the fluidized bed for chemical reaction include ... 

The maximum-likelihood method is not limited to phase equilibrium data. It is applicable to any type of data for which a model can be postulated and for which there are known random measurement errors in the variables. P-V-T data, enthalpy data, solid-liquid adsorption data, etc., can all be reduced by this method. The advantages indicated here for vapor-liquid equilibrium data apply also to other data. 

Fluidized bed noncatalytic reactors. Fluidized heds are also suited to gas-solid noncatalytic reactions. All the advantages described earlier for gas-solid catalytic reactions apply. As an example. 

We noted in Section VII-2B that, given the set of surface tension values for various crystal planes, the Wulff theorem allowed the construction of fhe equilibrium or minimum firee energy shape. This concept may be applied in reverse small crystals will gradually take on their equilibrium shape upon annealing near their melting point and likewise, small air pockets in a crystal will form equilibrium-shaped voids. The latter phenomenon offers the possible advantage that adventitious contamination of the solid-air interface is less likely. 

Clearly, it is important that there be a large contact angle at the solid particle-solution-air interface. Some minerals, such as graphite and sulfur, are naturally hydrophobic, but even with these it has been advantageous to add materials to the system that will adsorb to give a hydrophobic film on the solid surface. (Effects can be complicated—sulfur notability oscillates with the number of preadsoibed monolayers of hydrocarbons such as n-heptane [76].) The use of surface modifiers or collectors is, of course, essential in the case of naturally hydrophilic minerals such as silica. 

Eleetron energy-loss speetroseopy is used for obtaining speetroseopie data as a eonvenient substitute for optieal speetroseopy, and, taking advantage of diflferenees in seleetion rules, as an adjimet to optieal speetroseopy. In addition, eleetron speetroseopy has many applieations to ehemieal and stnietural analysis of samples in the gas phase, in the solid phase, and at the solid-gas interfaee. 

Taking advantage of the intrinsic physical and chemical differences of surfaces introduced by the discontinuity of the bulk enviromuent. Specifically, most solids display specific structural relaxations and reconstructions, surface... 

In the final section, we will survey the different theoretical approaches for the treatment of adsorbed molecules on surfaces, taking the chemisorption on transition metal surfaces, a particularly difficult to treat yet extremely relevant surface problem [1], as an example. Wliile solid state approaches such as DFT are often used, hybrid methods are also advantageous. Of particular importance in this area is the idea of embedding, where a small cluster of surface atoms around the adsorbate is treated with more care than the surroundmg region. The advantages and disadvantages of the approaches are discussed. 

The development of tunable, narrow-bandwidtli dye laser sources in tire early 1970s gave spectroscopists a new tool for selectively exciting small subsets of molecules witliin inhomogeneously broadened ensembles in tire solid state. The teclmique of fluorescence line-narrowing [1, 2 and 3] takes advantage of tire fact tliat relatively rigid chromophoric... 

Four-level lasers offer a distinct advantage over tlieir tliree-level counterjiarts, (figure C2.15.5). The Nd YAG system is an excellent example of a four-level laser. Here tlie tenninal level for tlie laser transition, 2), is unoccupied tlius resulting in an inverted state as soon as any atom is pumped to state 3. Solid-state systems based on tliis pumping geometry dominate tlie marketplace for high-power laser devices. 

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