Soldiers

This may also have been a factor in the conquering of the known world by the Roman Legions. Expeditionary and seige forces, even today but much more so then, are at risk for water-borne diseases. The practice of the Roman army to carry with it substantial wine suppHes is seen as sound militarily for health reasons, rather than just from the standpoint of the enjoyment of the soldiers. Recent study indicates that tourist-type diarrheas are less frequently encountered if wine is consumed rather than water, even bottled water (20). 

Because of the low operating temperature and ease of fabrication for low power units, PFFCs are the most likely fuel cell to be introduced in portable power packs. PFFCs in sizes of 300—500 W are being considered as a power source, eg, 4-h duration, 300 W, 1.2 kW, for the modem soldier operating in the enclosed environment of a self-contained protective suit, which has faciUties for air conditioning, radio communication, etc. Analytic Power Corp. (Boston) is assessing the use of PFFCs for this appHcation. 

Incapacitants. Incapacitating agents, or incapacitants, are just what the name implies. In wartime, soldiers and civiUans must be physiologically, physically, and mentally able to perform their jobs. Thus, an agent rendering an individual incapable of job performance may be classified as an incapacitating agent (6,7). 

Answer Using the cost of a life for radiation, the cost was 3El 1. The expenditure rate was lElO/minute or 10 billion dollars/minute. Clearly if soldier lives were valued the same as radiation death, no government could afford to go to war,... 

U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command (SBCCOM)... 

U.S. Aluminate Company (USALCO), 252 U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command (SBCCOM), 252... 

Carnot soon realized that he did not have the temperament of a soldier and in 1818 left the army. After leaving the army Carnot took up residence in his father s former Paris apartment, and was presumably supported by his family whiile he attended classes at Sorbonne, the College de France, and the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. He also frequently visited factories and workshops, both to see steam engines actually in use, and to learn more about the economics of such industrial use of energy. There were rumors that he did at least on a lew occasions receive some consultant s fees for his advise, but there was no clear documentary evidence of this. In 1827 he returned to active militaiy seiwice with the rank of captain, but this lasted only a little more than a year. He resigned in 1828 and died of cholera four years later in Paris. 

Large-scale crude oil exploitation began in the late nineteenth century. Internal combustion engines, which make use of the heat and kinetic energy of controlled explosions in a combustion chamber, were developed at approximately the same time. The pioneers in this field were Nikolaus Otto and Gottleib Daimler. These devices were rapidly adapted to military purposes. Small internal-combustion motors were used to drive dynamos to provide electric power to fortifications in Europe and the United States before the outbreak of World War I. Several armies experimented vith automobile transportation before 1914. The growing demand for fossil fuels in the early decades of the twentieth centuiy was exacerbated by the modernizing armies that slowly introduced mechanization into their orders of battle. The traditional companions of the soldier, the horse and mule, were slowly replaced by the armored car and the truck in the early twentieth century. 

The improvement of human control over inanimate forms of energy, put to use to military ends, has improved the logistics and coordination aspects of armies and navies, and increased the overall destructive capacity of humanity. Energy-efficient propulsion systems have reduced the costs and increased the ranges of various forms of transportation, both militai y and civilian. For the militai y, energy is both a blessing and a vulnerability, requiring ever-more-specialized soldiers and more expensive equipment to remain effective in the face of competition from other modern military forces. 

Although government officials attempted to educate the public and military personnel about atomic civil defense, in retrospect these efforts seem hopelessly naive if not intentionally misleading. Army training films advised soldiers to keep their mouths closed while obser"ving atomic test blasts in order to not inhale radioactive flying dirt. Civil defense films used a friendly animated turtle to teach schoolchildren to duck and cover during a nuclear attack—that is, duck under their desks and cover their heads. Such measures, of course, would have offered pitiful protection to those in the blast zone. 

Solar panels on a house roof in Soldier s Grove, Wisconsin. (Corbis Corporation)... 

English physicist and electrochemist Michael Faraday in 1823. You can make it by bubbling chlorine gas through calcium chloride solution at 0°C the hydrate comes down as feathery white crystals. In the winter of 1914, the Geiman army used chlorine in chemical warfare on the Russian front against the soldiers of the Tsar. They were puzzled by its ineffectiveness not until spring was deadly chlorine gas liberated from the hydrate, which is stable at cold temperatures. 

When Europe exploded into war in 1914, scientists largely abandoned their studies to go to the front. Marie Curie, with her daughter Irene, then 17 years old. organized medical units equipped with X-ray machinery. These were used to locate foreign metallic objects in wounded soldiers. Many of the wounds were to the head French soldiers came out of the trenches without head protection because their government had decided that helmets looked too German. In November of 1918, the Curies celebrated the end of World War I France was victorious, and Marie s beloved Poland was free again. 

A DNA fingerprint can be used for many purposes other than solving violent crimes. In particular, it can serve to identify deceased individuals. In June of 1998 the "Vietnam Unknown" buried in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery was identified by DNA technology. He was shown to be First Lieutenant Michael Blassie, shot down over Vietnam in May of 1972. DNA samples taken from his mother matched those obtained from his body. A month later Blassie, a native of St. Louis, Missouri, was reburied in a national cemetery located in that city. 

The three classes of liquid crystals differ in the arrangement of their molecules. In the nematic phase, the molecules lie together, all in the same direction but staggered, like cars on a busy multilane highway (Fig. 5.49). In the smectic phase, the molecules line up like soldiers on parade and form layers (Fig. 5.50). Cell membranes are composed mainly of smectic liquid crystals. In the cholesteric phase, the molecules form ordered layers, but neighboring layers have molecules at different angles and so the liquid crystal has a helical arrangement of molecules (Fig. 5.51). 

In the mid-nineteenth century, it was the custom for doctors to frequently prescribe morphine (first isolated from opium by Friedrich Serturner in 1806) and other opium preparations. Morphine did not have a major impact on medical practice until the invention of the hypodermic needle in 1840. Soldiers illness was recognized after the Civil War when more than 50,000 veterans became dependent on morphine as a result of treatment for combat injuries (Musto 1987). The public also had ready access to opium and purified drugs in grocery stores and pharmacies. Medicinal mixtures and nostrums, usually unlabelled as to contents, often contained opium or morphine. By the end of the century, many physicians had come to recognize that chronic use of morphine was a disorder (morphinism), although others in society... 

Brief experimentation with illicit opioids rarely leads to dependence, but persons who use opioids commonly escalate to daily use, at least once per month for at least a brief period. Among Vietnam War-era soldiers, experimentation with opioids was widespread 73% of the soldiers who used opioids at least five times became dependent however, 88% of enlisted men who became addicted to heroin did not become readdicted at any time in the 3 years after return, and 56% did not use opioids at all during that time (Robins et al. 1975). 

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