Soil remediation design

Integrating Site Characterization with Aquifer and Soil Remediation Design... 

Kuo, J., Practical Design Calculations for Groundwater and Soil Remediation. Lewis Publishers,... 

The Oil Snapper soil remediator is a nutrient formulation designed to enhance the activity of soil microbes, leading to faster bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons. It can be used with either indigenous soil microbes or added commercial microbes and is absorbent to prevent runoff and control odors when applied to spills. Oil Snapper may be used to improve bioremediation processes in treatment cells, biopiles, landfarms, or for in situ bioremediation. 

The USEPA has estimated that the number of confirmed releases is 418,000. Remedial design or remedial actions have been initiated at almost 25,300 of these sites. The volume of soil (per site) to be remediated ranges from 9 to 800 cubic yards. No information is available regarding the magnitude of surface and ground waters in need of remediation. 

Several successful field demonstrations of in situ surfactant flooding for NAPL soil remediation have been conducted [523,526,528,530,538,539] and design and implementation manuals are available [538-540],... 

Calculations of treatment costs for supercritical soil remediation were made with a computer model that evaluates the capital and operating costs depending on plant capacity, carbon dioxide conditions for extraction and separation, operating conditions, soil transport and pretreatment and other boundary conditions like maintenance, depreciation or insurance. Some additional important parameters for the plant design are given in table 1. 

Combination of EK with Other Soil Remediation Methods and Changes in Process Design... 

The total treatment costs for the ISEE system, which removed 200 g of hexavalent chromium from 16yd of soil, are estimated to be 1800 per cubic meter. The estimate will vary depending on cleanup goals, soil type, treatment volume, and system design changes. Economic data indicate that soil remediation costs are very high, perhaps because the system demonstrated stUl requires significant improvements. 

Applying this soil remediation technology requires special expertise this chapter describes the technology and its applications, indicating the materials and decontamination methods that can be used and how the system should be initiated and controlled. It also specifies the samples that need to be taken in order to monitor the decontamination process. Before remediation can commence, however, it is first necessary to clarify where contamination is present in the area of soil concerned and in what form. It is furthermore necessary to perform electrokinetic laboratory tests with one or preferably more representative soil samples. Finally, it is explained how the data are analyzed and used for carrying out the design of the remediation system. 

The use of microemulsions in the context of washing and cleaning was recently reviewed [1]. There seem to be no reasons to believe that any fundamental new impact is needed in this area from a physicochemical point of view. Large-scale applications in the area of soil remediation can be expected in the near future. In this context it will be essential to estimate microemulsion formation, price, chemical performance, and mechanisms of retention (adsorption) on the solid material when designing these kinds of washing systems. Microemulsions for use in soil remediation have been summarized by Miller and coworkers [12,13] and Schwuger and coworkers [14,15]. 

The SPLP is designed to simulate waste materials in the ground surface or oti the top of the surface. The substances there are exposed to rainfall. Leachate forms by dissolution of them. Data given from the SPLP are utilized to develop site-specific soil remediation criteria that protect ground water. Federal and/or State specific guidance utilize the data for a conceptual site model. 

FIGURE 11.29 Potential failure surfaces that need to be studied in soil nail design (a) external failure, (b) internal failure, and (c) mixed failure. (After Cornforth, D., Landslides in Practice, Investigation, Analysis, and Remedial/ Preventative Options in Soils, Wiley, 2005.)... 

The third section of this monograph also covers some other representative recent research to develop new remediation options. When an aquifer or soil is contaminated, careful site characterization must be integrated with the remediation design to clean the site. This is the topic of Chapter 22 by Reeves and coworkers. Chemical reductions are the topic of Chapter 23 by Farrell al and Chapter 25 by Pittman et al. Passing water from a contaminated plume over a bed of finely divided iron to remediate contamination from chlorinated organics has recently attracted significant attention. A consideration of the mechanisms controlling process is provided by Farrell. 

Chemical and physical properties of the contaminant should also be investigated. Solubility in water (or other washing fluids) is one of the most important physical characteristics. Hydrophobic contaminants can be difficult to separate from the soil particles and into the aqueous washing fluid. Reactivity with wash fluids may, in some cases, be another important characteristic to consider. Other contaminant characteristics such as volatility and density may be important for the design of remedy screening studies and related residuals treatment systems. Speciation is important in metal-contaminated sites. 

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