Erosion, soil

Exploration activities are potentially damaging to the environment. The cutting down of trees in preparation for an onshore seismic survey may result in severe soil erosion in years to come. Offshore, fragile ecological systems such as reefs can be permanently damaged by spills of crude or mud chemicals. Responsible companies will therefore carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) prior to activity planning and draw up contingency plans should an accident occur. In Section 4.0 a more detailed description of health, safety and environmental considerations will be provided. 

Chemical, cultural, and mechanical weed control practices have been relatively successful ia reducing yield losses from weeds (448). However, herbicide-resistant weed populations, soil erosion, pesticide persistence ia the environment, and other problems associated with technologies used (ca 1993) to control weeds have raised concerns for the long-term efficacy and sustainability of herbicide-dependent crop production practices (449). These concerns, coupled with ever-increasing demands for food and fiber, contribute to the need for innovative weed management strategies (450). 

APPLYING BIOSOLIDS REDUCES SOIL EROSION (Case Study 3)... 

Therefore, polymers can now be applied to problems such as soil erosion, the consequences of droughts, food supply, and life support in arid zones. 

Where e is the excess acid in mol/L and ionic concentrations are expressed as mol/L. While this more precise definition may apply in some strictly chemical responses such as soil erosion, Biydges and Summers 19) have considered the more complete reactions including biological ionic utilizations and have defined an "acidifying potential" of precipitation as ... 

Lai, R. In World Soil Erosion and Conservation Pimentel, D., Ed. Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK, 1991. 

Much of the surface soil erosion and hence nutrient loss occurs when deforestation and biomass burning removes and/or consumes the organic materials that protect the soil surface. Significant losses may occur by dry ravel or overland water erosion associated with precipitation events. Under a shifting cultivation system in a tropical deciduous forest ecosystem in Mexico, Maass et al. 61) reported first year losses of N, P, K, and Ca were 187, 27, 31, and 378 kg ha" respectively. In contrast, losses in adjacent undisturbed forests were less than 0.1 kg ha for all nutrients except Ca (losses were 0.1-0.5 kg ha for Ca). 

McNabb, D. H. and Swanson, F. J. (1990). Effects of fire on soil erosion. In Natural and Prescribed Fire in the Pacific Northwest" (J. D. Walstad, S. L. Radosevich and D. V. Sandberg, eds), pp. 159-176. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon. 

Frankenberger, Jr., and Muhammad Arshad Handbook of Weed Management Systems, edited by Albert E. Smith Soil Sampling, Preparation, and Analysis, Kim H. Tan Soil Erosion, Conservation, and Rehabilitation, edited by Menachem Agassi Plant Roots The Hidden Half, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Yoav Waisel, Amram Eshel, and Uzi Kafkafi Photoassimilate Distribution in Plants and Crops Source-Sink Relationships, edited by Eli Zamski and Arthur A. Schaffer Mass Spectrometry of Soils, edited by Thomas W. Boutton and Shinichi Yamasaki... 

Site topography Exclusion Must have slope <1% Site must not be susceptible to flooding Shallow water table or tile drains must not interfere with sampling These are exclusion criteria that have to be carefully determined during on-site inspection Site must be level to prevent losses of agrochemical due to surface run-off and soil erosion Site must not be susceptible to runoff from other areas higher than test site... 

There are pleasures in eating local food and knowing that the farmers have considered how the natural world functions, have minimised soil erosion and water degradation and have cared about their livestock. In America today, the problems of soil erosion and water degradation are of particular relevance. 

Emergency Preparedness Measures adapted to increased incidents of forest fires, insect infestations and the impacts of soil erosion. 

Phytostabilization Soils, sediments Metals and metalloids (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, U, Se) Hydrophobic organics (PAHs, PCBs, dioxins, furans, pentachlorophenol, DDT, dieldrin) Phreatophyte trees to transpire large amounts of water for hydraulic control Grasses with fibrous roots to stabilize soil erosion Dense root systems are needed to sorb/bind contaminants... 

Surface water information, including drainage patterns (overland flow, topography, channel flow pattern, tributary relationships, soil erosion, and sediment transport and deposition), surface water bodies (flow, stream widths and depths, channel elevations, flooding tendencies, and physical dimensions of surface water impoundments structures surface water/ groundwater relationships), and surface water quality (pH, temperature, total suspended solid, salinity, and specific contaminant concentrations)... 

It reduces runoff velocities and do reduces soil erosion... 

EPIC is designed to simulate relevant biophysical processes simultaneously and realistically, using readily available input data and accepted methods. It is capable of simulating plant and soil response for hundreds of years, and it is applicable to a wide range of soils, climates, and plants. EPIC also simulates soil erosion and soil chemical and physical property changes over centuries. The time limit for simulation of hydrologic parameters is restricted only by the availability of high-quality climate input data. 

Output from the soil erosion, pesticide fate, and economics submodels may not be needed for ET landfill cover evaluation and design they can be disregarded without affecting other components of the model estimate. 

FIGURE 26.34 Soil erosion due to slope. (Adapted from U.S. EPA, Requirements for Hazardous Waste Landfill Design, Construction, and Closure, EPA/625/4-89/022, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, August 1989.)... 

A serious and underestimated negative effect of herbicide use is acutely increased soil erosion. The lack of an herbaceous cover leaves the soil with no defense against wind, rain, and snowmelt. Erosion rapidly develops on slopes of just 1-2% when the soil has no covering. 

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