Weed management systems

Klein, R.N., G.A. Wicks, and R.G. Wilson (1996). Ridge-till, an integrated weed management system. Weed Sci., 44 417 122. 

Frankenberger, Jr., and Muhammad Arshad Handbook of Weed Management Systems, edited by Albert E. Smith Soil Sampling, Preparation, and Analysis, Kim H. Tan Soil Erosion, Conservation, and Rehabilitation, edited by Menachem Agassi Plant Roots The Hidden Half, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Yoav Waisel, Amram Eshel, and Uzi Kafkafi Photoassimilate Distribution in Plants and Crops Source-Sink Relationships, edited by Eli Zamski and Arthur A. Schaffer Mass Spectrometry of Soils, edited by Thomas W. Boutton and Shinichi Yamasaki... 

In organic systems the number of hours of hand weeding needs to be reduced, as labour, particularly in the developed countries, is expensive. This can be achieved by competition, the timing of cultivations, adaptation of the rotation nutrient management system and by crop density (Kropff, et al., 2000). Barberi, et al. (2002) experimented with a system of soil disinfection using hot steam to sterilise weed seeds. 

In we management systems involving allelopathy, crop varieties may be screened or new varieties developed for their potential for controlling weeds. Such varieties may be left as residues in the field, or be incori rated in every rotation system, and/or used as a companion crop. Similarly, if crop varieties allelopathic to pathogens can be found, their residues can be used similarly for disease control. Research groups of Putnam at Michigan State University and of Gliessman at the University of California are two of many that are involved in research of this kind. 

Bastiaans, L., Kropff, M.J., Gourdriaan, J. and van Laar, H.H. 2000. Design of weed management systems with a reduced reliance on herbicides poses new challenges and prerequisites for modelling crop-weed interactions. Field Crops Research 67(2) 161-179. 

Bond, W. and Grundy, A.C. 2001. Non-chemical weed management in organic farming systems. Weed Research 41(5) 383-405. 

Pratley, J.E. 2000. Tillage and other physical management methods. In Sindel, B. (ed.) Australian Weed Management Systems. R.G. and F.J. Richardson, Melbourne, pp. 105-122. 

Ngouajio, M., McGiffen, M.E. and Hutchinson, C.M. 2003. Effect of cover crop and management system on weed populations in lettuce. Crop Protection 22 57-64. 

Shaw, W.C. (1982). Integrated weed management systems technology for pest management. Weed Sci., 30( Suppl. 1) 2-12. 

Baird, D.D., V.M. Urrutia, and D.P.H. Tucker (1983). Management systems with glyphosate on torpedograss in citrus. Proc. South. Weed Sci. Soc., 36 201-209. 

Norris, R.F. (1986). Weed and integrated pest management systems. HortScience, 21 402-410. 

Teasdale, J.R. (1993). Reduced herbicide weed management systems for no-tillage corn (Zea mays) in a hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) cover crop. Weed Technol., 7 879-883. 

USDA NSTL (1993). Conventional vs. Alternative Fanning A Quantitative Comparison. Fourth Year Report. Ames, IA USDA. 31 pp. Vangessel, M.J., E.E. Schweizer, D.W. Lybecker, and P. Westra (1996). Integrated weed management systems for irrigated com (Zea mays) production in Colorado A case study. Weed Sci., 44 423 -28. 

Wyse, D.L. (1994). New technologies and approaches for weed management in sustainable agriculture systems. Weed Technol., 8 403 407. 

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