Copper soil solution

Hodgson J.F., Lindsay W.L., Trierweiler J.F. Micronutrient cation complexing in soil solution. II. Complexing of zinc and copper in displaced solution from calcareous soils. Soil Sci Soc A Proc 1966 30 723-726. 

Jeffery J.J., Uren N.C. Copper and zinc species in the soil solution and the effects of soil pH. Aust J Soil Res 1983 21 479M88. 

A chloric acid digestion was used by Backer 2 391 for the preparation of tissue samples. The digest is simply diluted to determine iron, zinc, and copper. The tantalum sampling boat technique was used by Emmermann and Luecke 2531 to measure lead, zinc, and silver in prepared soil solutions. White 1S81 treated ashed plants with hydroxylamine in IN hydrochloric acid to reduce and dissolve oxides of manganese, prior to its determination by atomic absorption spectroscopy. 

Sanders, J. R. (1982). The effects of pH upon the copper and cupric ion concentrations in soil solution. Journal of Soil Science, 55, 679-689. 

The most common simple cations in the soil solution are calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+), and sodium (Na+). Other alkali and alkaline-earth elements, when present, will be as simple cations also. Iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, cobalt, manganese, and nickel are also common in soil. Iron is present in both the ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) states, while aluminum will be present as Al3+. Copper, zinc, cobalt, and nickel can all be present in one or both of their oxidations states simultaneously. Manganese presents a completely different situation in that it can exist in several oxidation states simultaneously. 

Adams JF, Kissel DE. 1989. Zinc copper and nickel availabilities as determined by soil solution and DTPA extraction of a sludge-amended soil. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 20 139-158. 

Berggren, D. (1989) Speciation of aluminium, cadmium, copper, and lead in humic soil solutions - a comparison of the ion exchange column procedure and equilibrium dialysis. Int.J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 35, 1-15. 

Linehan, D.J., Sinclair, A.H. and Mitchell, M.C. (1985) Mobilisation of copper manganese and zinc in the soil solutions of barley rhizospheres. Plant Soil, 86, 147-153. 

For further information on this subject the reader is referred to Sposito (1989) who has also discussed the use of computer programs to predict the species likely to occur in soil solutions under various conditions such as pH differences (Sposito, 1981). Besides the formation of inorganic complexes there are many opportunities for organic complexation. Copper is particular prone to organic complexation. In displaced solution from 20 calcareous soils in Colorado 98-99% of the dissolved copper was in the form of an organic complex (Hodgson et al., 1966). 

Andersen, M. K., Raulund-Rasmussen, K., Strobel, B. W., and Hansen, H. C. B. (2002). Adsorption of cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc to a poly(tetrafluorethene) porous soil solution sampler. 

Impellitteri, C. A., Saxe, J. K., Cochran, M., Janssen, G., and Allen, H. E. (2003). Predicting the bioavailabihty of copper and zinc in soils Modeling the partitioning of potentially bioavailable copper and zinc from soil solid to soil solution. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22(6), 1380—1386. 

Zhang H, Zhao FJ, Sun B, Davison W, McGrath SP, 2001. A new method to measure effective soil solution concentration predicts copper availability to plants. Environ Sci Technol 35 2602-2607. 

Nielands, J. B. (1981). Microbial iron compounds. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 50, 715-731. Nielson, N. E. (1976). The effect of plants on the copper concentration in the soil solution. 

Chelation by LMMO substances is a major factor in the transport of micronutrient cations such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, and Mn to root surface by mass flow and diffusion. In soil solutions of calcareous soils 40 to 75% of tlie zinc and 98% of copper have been found in organic complexes (Hodgson et al., 1966 Sanders, 1982, 1983 McGrath et al., 1988). For plants the importance of complexed micronutrients in the soil solution is particularly evident in calcareous soils. This is also indicated by the fact that soil extractions with synthetic chelators such as EDTA and DTPA provide suitable soil tests for estimation of available micronutrieiits (Sims and Johnson, 1991) (summarized in detail in Section 11.3). 

McGrath, S. P., Sanders, J. R., and Shalaby, M. H. (1988). The effect of soil organic matter levels on soil solution concentrations and extractabdities of manganese, zinc and copper. Geoderma 42, 177-188. 

The manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, and molybdenum ions of this group are all essential for plants and animals. In addition, vanadium, chromium, nickel, and tin are essential for animals. The soil solution concentrations and plant availabilities of these ions generally decline with increasing pH. Molybdenum is an exception and becomes more available with increasing pH. Reducing conditions dissolve Mn2+ andFe2+. 

Berggren, D., 1992a. Speciation of copper in soil solution from podzols and cambisols of S. Sweden. Water Air Soil Pollut. 62, 111-123. 

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