Sodium styrenesulfonate, polymerization

Fig. 2 Schematic of sodium styrenesulfonate polymerization by the different catalysts. HRP horseradish peroxidase 2,4-PD 2,4-pentanedione H2O2 hydrogen peroxide...

Some polymers from styrene derivatives seem to meet specific market demands and to have the potential to become commercially significant materials. For example, monomeric chlorostyrene is useful in glass-reinforced polyester recipes because it polymerizes several times as fast as styrene (61). Poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) [9003-59-2] a versatile water-soluble polymer, is used in water-poUution control and as a general flocculant (see Water, INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT FLOCCULATING AGENTs) (63,64). Poly(vinylhenzyl ammonium chloride) [70304-37-9] h.a.s been useful as an electroconductive resin (see Electrically conductive polya rs) (65). 

The living radical polymerization process is also valid for the polymerization of water-soluble monomers. The polymerization of sodium styrenesulfonate in aqueous ethylene glycol (80%) in the presence of TEMPO using potassium per-sulfate/sodium bisulfite as the initiator at 125 °C gave a water-soluble polymer with well-controlled molecular weight and its distribution [207]. 

Many ionogenic monomers containing a polymerizable carbon double bond have been reported in the literature, and therefore a wide variety of anionic, cationic, and amphophilic polyelectrolytes may be synthesized using free radical polymerizations. Examples of anionic ionogenic monomers which have been used to synthesize anionic polyelectrolytes include acrylic acid [4-10], methac-rylic acid [6-8,11,12], sodium styrenesulfonate [7,13,14], p-styrene carboxylic... 

The complexing ability of iminodiacetic acid type chelating agents, e.g. benzyl-aminediacetic acid (BDA) (8), was found to be enhanced considerably in aqueous solution by the use of a polymeric analogue such as (vinylbenzylamine diacetic acid)-co-(sodium styrenesulfonate) (PBDA) (9) 23). The chelate formation constants for... 

High polymer/surfactant weight ratios (up to about 15 1) of polystyrene microlatexes [73] have been produced in microemulsions stabihzed by polymerizable nonionic surfactant by the semi-continuous process. The copolymerization of styrene with the surfactant ensures the long-term stabihty of the latexes. Nanosized PS microlatexes with polymer content (<25 wt%) were also obtained from an emulsifier-free process [74] by the polymerization of styrene with ionic monomer (sodium styrenesulfonate, NaSS), nonionic comonomer (2-hydroxyethylmethacryalte, HEM A), or both. The surfaces of the latex particles were significantly enriched in NaSS and HEMA, providing better stabilization. 

It has been attempted to perform template polymer syntheses without using biological sources. Concepts focus on the formation of a complex between monomer molecules and a present macromolecule [4,480], This way the monomer will get preorganized and the polymerization is supposed to follow a zip mechanism controlled by the length and the configuration of the template polymer, offering replication of the molecular weight and control of the stereo structure. Polymerization of acrylic acid in the presence of poly(ethyleneimine), N-vinylimidazole/ poly(methacrylic acid) or acrylonitrile with poly(vinylacetate) have been described [469,470,471,472,473]. Recently the preparation of solid polyelectrolyte complexes from chitosan and sodium-styrenesulfonate has been reported [481]. 

Other teams worked on the functionalization of the aminoxyl group situated at the co position. For instance, the method of Ding et al. [342] is original for the synthesis of a novel series of poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) (PSSNa) macromonomers (compound 3 in Scheme 74) based on stable free radical polymerization in the presence of TEMPO. 

Table IV. Polymerization Parameters for Sodium Styrenesulfonate in Water-DMSO Mixtures at 70 C...

Nowakowska, M., Zapotoczny, S., and Karewicz, A. (2000). Synthesis of poly(sodium styrenesulfonate-block-vinylnaphthalene) by nitroxide-mediated free radical polymerization. Macromolecules, 33(20) 7345-7348. 

Polysiloxane polyether copolymer. See Dimethicone copolyol Poly (sodium metaphosphate). See Sodium metaphosphate Poly (sodium styrenesulfonate) Poly (sodium p-styrenesulfonate). See Sodium polystyrene sulfonate Polysodium vinyl sulfonate Synonyms PSVS Sodium vinyl sulfonate polymerized Classification Polymer Definition Polymer of sodium vinyl sulfonate Properties M.w. 10,000... 

Recently, Kong et al. [159] functionalized MWNT with polyacrylic acid (PAA) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) by surface-initiating ATRP (atom transfer radical polymerization) following the Schemes 1 and 2 ... 

Polydispersity of the copolymer is still narrow (Mw/Mn = 1.36) whereas it increases to 4.21 in the absence of Tempo, leading to a bimodal molecular weight distribution. Such a process is also applied in aqueous medium [70] for the polymerization of styrenesulfonic acid sodium salt with narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn as low as 1.18). 

Raman, IR, and near-IR spectroscopy and TGA analyses of the functionalized SWNTs confirmed the attachment of radical groups. Aryl diazonium salts have been used to generate radicals for addition to SWNTs using electrochemical reduction.Up to 49wt% aryl functionality has been achieved and a stable homogeneous solution of aryl functionalized SWNT (50 mg L ) up to 36 h in chloroform is obtained after a 30 min sonication. Polymeric radical addition to SWNTs has been shown to occur during in situ free radical polymerization of styrene in toluene and sodium 4-styrenesulfonate in water. 

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