Sodium polyethylenes

Polymerization of olefins such as styrene is promoted by acid or base catalysts or sodium polyethylene is made with homogeneous peroxides. 

Doxidun Mqui-Gcl Casanthranol and docusate sodium Polyethylene Glycol ... 

Concctol Stool Softncr Docusate sodium Polyethylene glycol -400.amJ propylene glycol ... 

Phillip Liqui-Guls Docusate sodium Polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol Meiliylparnben. propylparaben, and shdlac ... 

Lauenstein, Friedrich and Haberland investigated the effects of the parenteral administration of heparin, sodium polyethylene sulphonate and a number of other sulphated polysaccharides on oedema of the rat-foot produced by Zymosan . Two heparin preparations were almost inactive but a heparinoid derived from fungal mycelium exhibited marked effects unaltered by adrenalectomy. These authors conclude that it is unlikely that the anti-inflammatory effects of heparinoids are dependent on anticoagulant activity. 

S. Kato, K. Nagahama, H. Noritomi and H. Asai, Permeation rates of aqueous alcohol solutions in pervaporation through Nation membrane, J. Membr. Sci., 1992, 72, 31-41 V Freger, E. Korin, J. Wisniak and E. Komgold, Transport mechanism in ion-exchange pervaporation membranes Dehydration of water-ethanol mixture by sodium polyethylene sulphonate membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 1997, 133, 255-267. 

Lyapofate Sodium. Ethenesulfonic acid homopolymer sodium salt sodium lyapolate sodium apolate sodium polyethylene sulfonate polyethylene sodium sulfonate PES Peson. (C2HaNa03S) . 

Quantitative rate data for reactions discussed in this section are given in Tables 3 and 4. The use of the ion [Ru(NH3)6] + as an outer-sphere reductant is much in evidence. The effect of sodium polystyrene sulphonate and sodium polyethylene on the rate of reduction of the series of complexes [Co(en)2(Cl)A] + (A = py, HjO, or NH3), [Co(en)2Cla]+, and [(NH3)6CoBrp+ has been investigated, for comparison with known effects in inner-sphere reactions. Though acceleration factors were found for both mechanisms, activation parameters reveal that for outer-sphere a lowering of Aff and for inner-sphere a more favourable AS are responsible. With [Ru(NH3)b] + in large excess, the consumption of horse heart ferricytochrome c obeys the rate law... 

High-pressure studies of the aquation of [M(NH3)5Br] (M = Cr, Co) in the presence and absence of polyelectrolytes (sodium polyethylene sulfonate or polystyrenesulfonate) indicates a dissociative mechanism for the cobalt(III) complex, and an associative mechanism for the chromium(III) complex. The chromium(III) data in various polyelectrolyte media are summarized in Table 6.2. The Hg -induced aquation of [Cr(NH3)5Br] has also been studied in the presence of polyelectrolytes and at high... 

Water. Distilled water must be (a) redistilled in an all-Pyrex glass apparatus or (b) purified by passage through a column of cation exchange resin in the sodium form. For storage, polyethylene bottles are most satisfactory, particularly for very dilute (0.00 lAf) EDTA solutions. 

Sintering has been used to produce a porous polytetrafluoroethylene (16). Cellulose sponges are the most familiar cellular polymers produced by the leaching process (123). Sodium sulfate crystals are dispersed in the viscose symp and subsequently leached out. Polyethylene (124) or poly(vinyl chloride) can also be produced in cellular form by the leaching process. The artificial leather-tike materials used for shoe uppers are rendered porous by extraction of salts (125) or by designing the polymers in such a way that they precipitate as a gel with many holes (126). 

Docusate Calcium. Dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate [128-49-4] (calcium salt of l,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)ester butanedioic acid) (11) is a white amorphous soHd having the characteristic odor of octyl alcohol. It is very slightly soluble in water, and very soluble in alcohol, polyethylene glycol 400, and com oil. It may be prepared directly from dioctyl sodium sulfo succinate dissolved in 2-propanol, by reaction with a methan olic solution of calcium chloride. 

The solvent is 28 CC-olefins recycled from the fractionation section. Effluent from the reactors includes product a-olefins, unreacted ethylene, aluminum alkyls of the same carbon number distribution as the product olefins, and polymer. The effluent is flashed to remove ethylene, filtered to remove polyethylene, and treated to reduce the aluminum alkyls in the stream. In the original plant operation, these aluminum alkyls were not removed, resulting in the formation of paraffins (- 1.4%) when the reactor effluent was treated with caustic to kill the catalyst. In the new plant, however, it is likely that these aluminum alkyls are transalkylated with ethylene by adding a catalyst such as 60 ppm of a nickel compound, eg, nickel octanoate (6). The new plant contains a caustic wash section and the product olefins still contain some paraffins ( 0.5%). After treatment with caustic, cmde olefins are sent to a water wash to remove sodium and aluminum salts. 

Manufacture is either by reaction of molten sodium with methyl alcohol or by the reaction of methyl alcohol with sodium amalgam obtained from the electrolysis of brine in a Castner mercury cell (78). Both these methods produce a solution of sodium methylate in methanol and the product is offered in two forms a 30% solution in methanol, and a soHd, which is a dry, free-flowing white powder obtained by evaporating the methanol. The direct production of dry sodium methylate has been carried out by the introduction of methanol vapors to molten sodium in a heavy duty agitating reactor. The sohd is supphed in polyethylene bags contained in airtight dmms filled in a nitrogen atmosphere. 

Liquid Eeeders. Liquid feeders employ positive-displacement metering pumps for adding aqueous solutions of sodium or calcium hypochlorite. The feed solutions are typically stored in polyethylene tanks of various capacities up to about 0.19 m (50 gal). 

Sodium borobydride is available as a 12% solution in caustic soda and in soHd form either as powder or pellets (3). The predominant form produced is the solution, the DOT shipping classification for which is corrosive Hquid. Forms of packaging are 18.9-L pails, 208.2-L dmms, and either tank tmck or tank car for bulk shipments. 1991 pricing for the solution form was 40.34/kg of borobydride contained. SoHd sodium borobydride, a white powder packaged in polyethylene bags in metal containers, was priced at 48.39/kg. 

Sodium Hypochlorite (Liquid Bleach). Commercial strength Hquid bleach used by industries, laundries, and in swimming pool sanitation, contains 12—15% av CI2 and is sold in 3.8- and 7.6-L polyethylene bottles and 23—57-L carboys, 205-L dmms, and tank tmcks of about 3-kI capacity and greater. Household bleach contains about 5% av CI2 and is sold in 1—5.7-L polyethylene containers. Shipping is limited within a short radius of the plant... 

Polymerization of olefins such as styrene is promoted by acid or base or sodium catalysts, and polyethylene is made with homogeneous peroxides. Condensation polymerization is catalyzed by acid-type catalysts such as metal oxides and sulfonic acids. Addition polymerization is used mainly for olefins, diolefins, and some carbonyl compounds. For these processes, initiators are coordination compounds such as Ziegler-type catalysts, of which halides of transition metals Ti, V, Mo, and W are important examples. 

Hypalon, chlorosulfated polyethylene, is particularly noted for its resistance to strong oxidizing materials such as sodium hypochlorite, chromic and nitric acids. It has good resistance to mineral and vegetable oils but is not recommended for use with aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons. 

Reinhoudt, Gray, Smit and Veenstra prepared a number of monomer and dimer crowns based on a variety of substituted xylylene units. They first conducted the reaction of 1,2-dibromomethylbenzene and a polyethylene glycol with sodium hydride or potassium Z-butoxide in toluene solution. Mixtures of the 1 1 and 2 2 (monomer and dimer) products were isolated and some polymer was formed . The reaction was conducted at temperatures from 30—60° and appeared to be complete in a maximum of one hour. The authors noted that the highest yield of 1 1 cyclic product was obtained with disodium tetraethylene glycolate instead of dipotassium hexaethylene gly-colate (see also Chap. 2) . Chloromethylation of 1,3-benzodioxole followed by reaction with disodium tetraethylene glycolate afforded the macrocycle (29% yield) illustrated in Eq. (3.20). 

---