Sodium catalyst

The formation of ethyl acetoacetate is an example of a general reaction knowu as the acetoacetlc ester condensation in which an ester having hydrogen on the a-carbon atom condenses with a second molecule of the same ester or with another ester (which may or may not have hydrogen on the a-carbon atom) in the presence of a basic catalyst (sodium, sodium ethoxide, sodamide, sodium triphenylmethide) to form a p-keto-ester. The mechanism of the reaction may be illustrated by the condensation of ethyl acetate with another molecule of ethyl acetate by means of sodium ethoxide. ... 

The addition of active methylene compounds (ethyl malonate, ethyl aoeto-acetate, ethyl plienylacetate, nltromethane, acrylonitrile, etc.) to the aP-double bond of a conjugated unsaturated ketone, ester or nitrile In the presence of a basic catalyst (sodium ethoxide, piperidine, diethylamiiie, etc.) is known as the Michael reaction or Michael addition. The reaction may be illustrated by the addition of ethyl malonate to ethyl fumarate in the presence of sodium ethoxide hydrolysis and decarboxylation of the addendum (ethyl propane-1 1 2 3-tetracarboxylate) yields trlcarballylic acid ... 

Alkaline earth metals in general, and sodium in particular, are detrimental to the FCC catalyst. Sodium permanently deactivates the catalyst by neutralizing its acid sites. In the regenerator it causes the zeolite to collapse, particularly in the presence of vanadium. Sodium comes from two prime sources ... 

When TBAB is used as a phase-transfer catalyst, sodium hydroxide as a base, and DCE as a solvent, both the molecular weight and yield of the poly(carbonate) are relatively high. Bisphenol AF-derived poly(carbonate) (2) having reduced viscosity of 0.35 dl/g is obtained in a 84% yield at ambient temperature under the... 

The causes of variations in yield by the use of the okler methods can now be explained. When benzaldehyde is added to the alcoholate, and especially when the latter is still warm, local overheating results in fact, the temperature may rise far above xoo° with the result that benzyl ether is formed. Simultaneously, the sodium benzylate is converted into sodium benzoate, which is of no value for inducing the desired reaction, and consequently very little benzyl benzoate is obtained. The same side reactions explain the failure of this experiment when the benzyl alcohol used in preparing the catalyst (sodium benzylate) is contaminated with benzaldehyde. 

In conjunction with a ruthenium oxide co-catalyst, sodium periodate has been used as a mild oxidizing agent in the presence of benzyltriethylammonium chloride... 

An alkaline catalyst, sodium methoxide, is created in the same reactor as the ester interchange by first adding sodium metal to the methanol before the triglyceride is introduced. The reaction is performed batch by batch in a carbon-steel vessel at atmospheric pressure. The reaction, shown in the top part of Figure 15—2, results in glycerol and three fatty methyl esters. 

However, recently the yield of the first step of this imidazole synthesis was improved dramatically by replacement of the basic catalyst (tBuOK) by a milder basic catalyst, sodium cyanide19. Due to these milder reaction conditions a greater variety of aldehydes, one of the starting materials for the synthesis of imidazoles, can be used increasing the flexibility of the method20 even more. This synthon approach can also be used to prepare the bioiscsteric substituted thiazole analogs21. 

DEHALOGENATION Lithium-aluminum hydride. Palladium catalysts. Sodium O.O-diethyl phosphoro te 11 uroate. Sodium dithionite. Sodium sulfide. 

Treatments of malonoamide 121 with unsaturated ketones are carried out using a basic catalyst (sodium methoxide and ethoxide). At room temperature these reactions lead to 2-oxo-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-pyridinecarboxamide like 122 (Scheme 3.38). Heating of the reaction mixture is followed by further addition of the carboxamide group to the carbon-carbon double bond, resulting in the formation of 2,7-diazabicycle [2.2.2]octan-3,8-dione 123 [130]. 

When ethyl 4-hydroxy butyrate is heated in the presence of a trace of a basic catalyst (sodium acetate), one of the products is a lactone. Propose a mechanism for formation of this lactone. 

The base-catalyzed reaction of alkylaromatics with olefins is unique in that it allows the size of the alkyl group of an arylalkane to be increased. Arylalkanes suitable for this reaction are those which contain a benzylic hydrogen. The olefins most useful for this reaction are ethylene, propylene, conjugated alkadienes, and styrene and its derivatives. Sodium and potassium are very effective catalysts. Sodium usually requires the presence of a chain precursor to initiate the reaction. 

In the alcohol oxidation to carbonyl compounds several Cr(VI) reagents can be used such as CrOs in aqueous acetic acid or in other solvents along with catalytic amount of mineral acid, sodium dichromate in aqueous acetone and mineral acid or base as catalyst, sodium dichromate in acetic acid, Cr03-pyridine complex and terf-butyl chromate. 

In this paper we have examined commercial equilibrium catalysts (Beat) to look for correlations between zeolite and matrix area stability of various catalyst families as a function of sodium. We have performed density separation of Feat samples to measure the sodium distribution as a function of catalyst age. Finally, we have revisited the issue of whether fresh catalyst sodium is equivalent to feedstock sodium in its influence on zeolite stability, catalytic activity and selectivity. 

The effect of the degree d xrlarization of the ester linkages in low-motecular-weight esters on their reactivity has been examined by studying the reaction of alcoholysis, with ceUulose, of methyl esters of benzoic, p-chloro-, p-hydroxy, p-hydroxy-, p- and o-nitrobenzoic acids, and those of phenyl-, phenoxy-, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy- and monodiloro-acetic adds. The trans-esterification reaction was carried out in non-aqueous dinrethylformamide in the presence of catalysts (sodium methylate, cadmium acetate, p-toluenesulphonic add) at 110-140° C. 

Amadori rearrangement products can be hydrogenated readily in water or in aqueous alcohols in the presence of a platinum or Raney nickel catalyst. Sodium amalgam has also been used, but the alkali-lability of the l-amino-l-deoxy-2-ketoses makes this reagent less desirable. ... 

Glycerolysis, the treatment of triacylglycerols with glycerol and a basic catalyst (sodium hydroxide or sodium methoxide), is used to produce mono- and diacylgly-cerols on an industrial scale. Molecular distillation is used to produce MAG, which is 90-95% pure and is widely used as an emulsifying agent in foods and other applications. 

The stoichiometry of the reaction requires 3 moles of methanol for each mole of triglyceride. When up to 100% excess methanol is used, the conversion rate is at its highest (14). The catalysts used are alkaline catalysts. Sodium methylate is commonly used, although KOH or NaOH are also used. 

Al203, and Nal with an iron catalyst. Sodium periodate and iodine was... 

Aryl halides reaction with metal cyanides, often with another transition metal catalyst, to give aryl nitriles (aryl cyanides). Aryl halides react with Zn(CN)2 and a palladium catalyst, for example, to give the aryl nitrile. Similarly, aryl iodides react with CuCN and a palladium catalyst to give the aryl nitrile. Potassium cyanide (KCN) reacts in a similar manner with a palladium catalyst. " Sodium cyanide has been used with a copper catalyst and 20% The reaction of aryl iodides... 

We presented a facile route for the modification of zeolites and for the preparation of bifunctional catalysts possessing both acidic and hydrogenation functions via solid-solid reaction. Branched and higher hydrocarbons were obtained over such modified composite catalysts. Sodium migration from the surface of the iron-based catalyst to the zeolite during the solid-solid reaction accounts for the change of catalytic activity. XRD measurements exhibited evidence for Na migration. 

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