Sodium cyanide hydroxide

Conduct the preparation in the fume cupboard. Dissolve 250 g. of redistilled chloroacetic acid (Section 111,125) in 350 ml. of water contained in a 2 -5 litre round-bottomed flask. Warm the solution to about 50°, neutralise it by the cautious addition of 145 g. of anhydrous sodium carbonate in small portions cool the resulting solution to the laboratory temperature. Dissolve 150 g. of sodium cyanide powder (97-98 per cent. NaCN) in 375 ml. of water at 50-55°, cool to room temperature and add it to the sodium chloroacetate solution mix the solutions rapidly and cool in running water to prevent an appreciable rise in temperature. When all the sodium cyanide solution has been introduced, allow the temperature to rise when it reaches 95°, add 100 ml. of ice water and repeat the addition, if necessary, until the temperature no longer rises (1). Heat the solution on a water bath for an hour in order to complete the reaction. Cool the solution again to room temperature and slowly dis solve 120 g. of solid sodium hydroxide in it. Heat the solution on a water bath for 4 hours. Evolution of ammonia commences at 60-70° and becomes more vigorous as the temperature rises (2). Slowly add a solution of 300 g. of anhydrous calcium chloride in 900 ml. of water at 40° to the hot sodium malonate solution mix the solutions well after each addition. Allow the mixture to stand for 24 hours in order to convert the initial cheese-Uke precipitate of calcium malonate into a coarsely crystalline form. Decant the supernatant solution and wash the solid by decantation four times with 250 ml. portions of cold water. Filter at the pump. 

Sodium was made from amalgam ia Germany duriag World War II (68). The only other commercial appHcation appears to be the Tekkosha process (74—76). In this method, preheated amalgam from a chlor—alkali cell is suppHed as anode to a second cell operating at 220—240°C. This cell has an electrolyte of fused sodium hydroxide, sodium iodide, and sodium cyanide and an iron cathode. Operating conditions are given ia Table 6. 

Nucleophilic Substitutions of Benzene Derivatives. Benzene itself does not normally react with nucleophiles such as haUde ions, cyanide, hydroxide, or alkoxides (7). However, aromatic rings containing one or more electron-withdrawing groups, usually halogen, react with nucleophiles to give substitution products. An example of this type of reaction is the industrial conversion of chlorobenzene to phenol with sodium hydroxide at 400°C (8). 

Reactions of the Side Chain. Benzyl chloride is hydrolyzed slowly by boiling water and more rapidly at elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of alkaHes (11). Reaction with aqueous sodium cyanide, preferably in the presence of a quaternary ammonium chloride, produces phenylacetonitrile [140-29-4] in high yield (12). The presence of a lower molecular-weight alcohol gives faster rates and higher yields. In the presence of suitable catalysts benzyl chloride reacts with carbon monoxide to produce phenylacetic acid [103-82-2] (13—15). With different catalyst systems in the presence of calcium hydroxide, double carbonylation to phenylpymvic acid [156-06-9] occurs (16). Benzyl esters are formed by heating benzyl chloride with the sodium salts of acids benzyl ethers by reaction with sodium alkoxides. The ease of ether formation is improved by the use of phase-transfer catalysts (17) (see Catalysis, phase-thansfer). 

No reaction takes place below 500°C when sodium cyanide and sodium hydroxide are heated in the absence of water and oxygen. Above 500°C, sodium carbonate, sodium cyanamide [19981-17-0] sodium oxide, and hydrogen are produced. In the presence of small amounts of water at 500°C decomposition occurs with the formation of ammonia and sodium formate, and the latter is converted into sodium carbonate and hydrogen by the caustic soda. In the presence of excess oxygen, sodium carbonate, nitrogen, and water are produced (53). 

A solution of sodium cyanide shaken with freshly precipitated ferrous hydroxide is converted to a ferrocyanide ... 

Almost all sodium cyanide is manufactured by the neutralization or wet processes in which hydrogen cyanide reacts with sodium hydroxide solution. 

A German process produces a high (99%) sodium cyanide assay by absorbing the gases from a BMA-type hydrogen cyanide reactor direcdy in sodium hydroxide solution (56). The resulting sodium cyanide solution is heated in a crystallizer to remove water, and form sodium cyanide crystals. 

Potassium cyanide like sodium cyanide, is shipped in steel or fiber dmms. Potassium cyanide costs more than sodium cyanide, primarily because of the higher price of potassium hydroxide. The 1991 price was 3.88/kg. 

Lead hydroxide Litliimn amide Methyl ethyl pyridine Sodamide Sodium cyanide Nitrogen dioxide Nitric acid... 

Formaldehyde Sodium cyanide Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen chloride... 

Sodium cyanide Sodium hydroxide Methyl iodide... 

Modern solutions fall mainly into three types (a) the plain cyanide bath which contains typically 20-25 g/1 of copper cyanide, 25-30 g/1 total sodium cyanide (6.2 g/1 free sodium cyanide), and is operated at 21-38 C and 110-160 A/m (b) the Rochelle copper bath to which is added 35-50g/1 of Rochelle salt and which is used at 66 C at up to 645 A/m and (c) the high-efficiency cyanide baths which may contain up to 125 g/1 of copper cyanide, 6-11 g/1 of free sodium or potassium cyanide, 15-30 g/1 of sodium or potassium hydroxide, and are operated at up to 6-9A/dm and 65-90 C. Most bright cyanide copper baths are of the high-efficiency type and, in addition, contain one or more of the many patented brightening and levelling agents available. Periodic reverse (p.r.) current is also sometimes used to produce smoother deposits. 

Resistance to corrosion of electroless nickel, both as-deposited and, in most cases, after heating to 750°C, is listed by Metzger for about 80 chemicals and other products. Resistance was generally satisfactory, with attack at a rate below 13 /im/year. The only substances causing faster attack were acetic acid, ammonium hydroxide or phosphate, aerated ammonium sulphate, benzyl chloride, boric acid, fluorophosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, aerated lactic acid, aerated lemon juice, sodium cyanide and sulphuric acid. 

To a solution of l. 47 g (0.03 mol) of sodium cyanide and 4.73 g (0.03 mol) of (-)-(.S)-x-methylbenzylamine hydrochloride in 5 mL of cold water is added 1 g (8.3 mmol) of free ( - )-(.S )-a-mcthylbcnzylaininc in 200 mL of CHjOH. 1.32 g (0.03 mol) of acetaldehyde is added at 0°C and the clear solution is kept at r.t. for five days. After evaporation of the solvent in vacuo, the residue is dissolved in 50 mL of 1 N HC1 and the solution is extracted twice with diethyl ether. After addition of 12 N HCl to adjust the acid concentration to approximately 5 N, the solution is retluxed for 6 h. The HCl is evaporated in vacuo and the residue is dried over sodium hydroxide. The crude. V-x-methylbenzylalaninc hydrochloride is dissolved in 200 mL of 50% ethanol and the pH is adjusted to 6.0 with NaHCOj. To this solution, 3.5 g of palladium hydroxide is added. After hydrogenolysis for 10 h, the catalyst is filtered off and washed with hot water. The filtrate is concentrated to 30%, and the pH is adjusted to 1 with dilute IIC1. The solution is evaporated to dryness and the alanine hydrochloride is extracted with three 20-inL portions of absolute ethanol. After cooling overnight at — 50°C, the precipitated salt is filtered. Pyridine is added to the alcoholic solution to precipitate crude alanine, which is dissolved in 2.5 mL of water. The pH is adjusted with pyridine to 5.5-6.0, and 10 mL of absolute ethanol arc added yield 0.45 g (17% over four steps) mp 290 C [a] 7 + 13.13 (0 = 2.32. 6 N IICi). 

Analytical-grade (pro analyst) sodium cyanide was purchased by the submitters from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, and dried for 24 hours in a vacuum desiccator containing potassium hydroxide pellets. The checkers obtained sodium cyanide from Fisher Scientific Company and dried the reagent in the same manner. 

Write formulas for each of the following compounds (a) sodium cyanide, (b) sodium hydroxide, and (c) sodium peroxide. 

Mandelic acid has been prepared by hydrolysis of mandeloni-trile (prepared in turn from benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide or from benzaldehyde, sodium bisulfite, and sodium cyanide) 3 by action of water at 180° upon trichloromethylphenylcarbinol by action of potassium carbonate upon a heated mixture of benzaldehyde and chloroform 7 by action of warm, dilute alkali upon dibromoacetophenone 8 and by action of warm, dilute sodium hydroxide upon phenylglyoxal. ... 

Tekkosha An electrolytic process for obtaining sodium from the sodium amalgam formed in the chlor-alkali process. The electrolyte is a fused mixture of sodium hydroxide, sodium iodide, and sodium cyanide. The sodium deposits at the iron cathode. Developed by Tekkosha Company, Japan, in the 1960s and commercialized in 1971. 

Chloro-4-cyanobutane undergoes a high-yielding intramolecular cyclization under basic solidrliquid two-phase conditions in the presence of tetra-n-butylammo-nium chloride to form cyclobutyl cyanide 1-chloro-4,8-dicyanooctane is formed as a by-product (ca. 10%). No cyclization occurs in the absence of the ammonium salt or when aqueous sodium hydroxide is used [29]. Attempts to produce the cyclobutyl derivative in a one-pot reaction of 1,4-dichlorobutane with sodium cyanide/sodium hydroxide gave only a 9% yield, with 1,4-dicyanobutane (63%) and l-chloro-4-cyanobutane (18%). A similar intramolecular cyclization of (3-chloropropyl-thio)acetonitrile yields 2-cyanotetrahydrothiophene (80%) [30]. 

AMMONIUM CHLORIDE NITRIC OXIDE NITROGEN DIOXIDE HYDRAZINE NITROUS OXIDE SODIUM CYANIDE SODIUM FLUORIDE SODIUM HYDROXIDE NICKEL... 

The chlorine bound to the carbon black surface can be used for further reactions. On fusion with sodium hydroxide, it was completely removed. A large part had been replaced by CN groups after fusion with sodium cyanide or treatment with copper (I) cyanide (69). Reaction was observed also with ammonia. However, no amino groups could be detected on the surface by the nsiinl methods. 

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