Socioeconomic situation

These analyses lead us back to broader issues, such as the background conditions where research is conducted, and unavoidably leads us to social justice. Therefore, we should return to a societal analysis and consider the situation of the community involved and how its socioeconomic situation impacts on the research. 

Many CEECs are developing multi-disciplinary drug strategies but, because of the poor socioeconomic situation, as well as the many political and other challenges these countries face, they have not always been able to allocate the necessary budgetary resources for that purpose. 

To some extent, the scarcity of resources and the difficult socioeconomic situation within individual countries have meant that funds provided through international support have influenced decisions regarding which actions should be developed. As a result, and despite the quality of those working in the field, many such activities have had a limited impact on the situation. 

And the Aral lived its natural life, practically undisturbed by man s interference, until 1960. Because of the quasistationary regime in the Aral area a specific sea-oriented economic stmcture (fishing, muskrat farming, maritime transport) was established. The sea produced an alleviating effect on the climate of the nearby territories. Its mere existence was favorable for the environmental and socioeconomic situation in the region. One could hardly imagine so speedy development of dramatic events related to the Aral s fate. 

Iodine nutritional risk in Brazil the socioeconomic situation and the country s size mean many people live without access to seafood. Pohtical factors affect iodine nutritional status because, the supply of potassium iodate from government to the salt-refining companies was discontinued in several Brazilian regions. 

Complexity/multiplicity of factors The external and internal environments of an enterprise include a large number of interacting factors. Market demand, intensity of competition, socioeconomic situation, labor market, and technology are examples of the extern environment factors. Product quality, process technology, distribution channels, and financial position are examples of the internal enviromnent factors. 

Thus, the dramatic situation observed by Marandn in 1922 was still present almost 50 years later, despite efforts to improve the socioeconomic situation of the area. Our data showed that iodine deficiency was the most likely cause of the goiter rate, of the low plasma PBI and high plasma TSH, and of the high incidence of cretins, in agreement with data from many other endemias. 

The conceptual and mathematical framework of competitive and cooperative phenomena has been extended to socioeconomic situations (see, for example, Peschel Mende, 1985 Peschel Breitenecker, 1984). Many problems of epidemiology and of microbiology can also be converted into chemical language . Quantitative sociology (Weidlich Haag, 1983) also uses models having quite similar structure, as chemical kinetics has. 

Elizabeth Lloyd That you cannot give a full explanation of what s happening in the group without giving an account of the gradient, and, in fact, the difference in socioeconomic gradients - I wouldn t prefer to call them causal myself but that they are descriptors of the situation that you cannot take them away from the explanation and understand it in the same way. I said one explains the phenomena in terms of what types of entities and their properties and so I take that to be a standard definition of a reductionist or anti-reductionist position. 

The increasing awareness and worsening situation of household pest problems and the improved socioeconomic conditions in many tropical developing countries have resulted in the increased demand and use of household insecticide products. 

Humans are exposed to a myriad of chemicals throughout their lifetime in the work place, the environment, and the home. Hence, the human exposure to chemicals is mixtures rather than single chemicals. The real world exposure scenarios are complex in terms of type of chemicals, the exposure situation (duration, routes, rates, and magnitudes), and the existence of confounding socioeconomic factors (ethnicity, diet, alcohol, smoke, age, area of... 

In addition to these alarming statistics, the prevalence of more subtle alterations, such as subclinical hypothyroidism, increase in perinatal mortality, poor school performance and socioeconomic stagnation, should also be considered. These situations are often underestimated when iodine deficiency is mild or moderate (Lamberg,... 

El As have been most widely used in the industrialized countries, but they have general apphcability, provided that they take into account not only the physical and biological characteristics of a particular region but also its local socioeconomic priorities and cultural traditions. Coimtries, and often different provinces within a country too, are at different stages of economic development, and have different priorities, pohcies, and preoccupations. The probable adverse consequences of any development must be weighed against estimated socio-economic benefits. What is imacceptable will vary greatly from one country or situation to another. 

I have identified eight groups of indicators (see Figure 3.3) of which each corresponds to a special area of road safety. The groups listed are traffic risk, personal risk, socioeconomic indicators, road safety organisational structure, traffic police and enforcement, vehicle safety, roads situation and road user behaviour. The groups measure road safety development in terms of output or input classes. The output... 

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