Chemical language

Sliwka, H-R. (2003). Reform of chemical language as a model for spelling reform [Electronic vetsioti). Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 32, 24-28. Retrieved August 6, 2007, from http //www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j32/chemical.php. 

Students realised that chemical reactions do not only take place in a laboratory but also in everyday life situations and that chemical equations are the descriptions of chemical reactions in chemical language, therefore they did not consider them as something isolated to be learned by heart like was often the case in previous years. [Teacher from School N° 4, general remarks to the approach]... 

Weiniger D. SMILES, a chemical language and information system. 1. Introduction to methodology and encoding rules. / Chem Inf Comput Sci 1988 28 31-6. 

The theory of band structures belongs to the world of solid state physicists, who like to think in terms of collective properties, band dispersions, Brillouin zones and reciprocal space [9,10]. This is not the favorite language of a chemist, who prefers to think in terms of molecular orbitals and bonds. Hoffmann gives an excellent and highly instructive comparison of the physical and chemical pictures of bonding [6], In this appendix we try to use as much as possible the chemical language of molecular orbitals. Before talking about metals we recall a few concepts from molecular orbital theory. 

An enzyme is a protein that speeds up a biochemical reaction without itself experiencing any overall change. In chemical language, such a compound is called a catalyst and is said to catalyze a reaction. Chemists employ a variety of compounds as laboratory catalysts, and many industrial chemical processes would be impracticably slow without catalysis. An automobile s catalytic converter makes use of a metal catalyst to accelerate conversion of toxic carbon monoxide in the exhaust to carbon dioxide. Similarly, our bodies biochemical machinery effects thousands of different reactions that would not proceed without enzymatic catalysis. Some enzymes are exquisitely specific, catalyzing only one particular reaction of a single compound. Many others have much less exacting requirements and consequently exhibit broader effects. Specific or nonspecific, enzymes can make reactions go many millions of times faster than they would without catalysis. 

In what follows, I do not present a comprehensive survey of the history of chemistry, nor do I construct a systematic model of discipline formation. This is a historical narrative and analysis of aspects of the idea of chemistry, the idea of "theoretical" chemistry, and the institutional and intellectual processes that constructed disciplines in chemistry in their various historical forms. While considerable attention is paid to the ways in which chemists demarcated their domain against other domains, as well as to their statements of a chemical epistemology and their development of systems of chemical language and imagery, the overall study is guided by two premises. 

Part Two concludes with an analysis in chapter 8 of Ingold s theory of organic reaction mechanisms, his construction of a new chemical language,... 

The Layers of Chemical Language II Stabilizing Atoms and Molecules in the Practice of Organic Chemistry," History of Science 30 (1992) 397437. On other issues than atomism, see John H. Brooke,... 

On the natural history tradition as an example for chemistry, see David Knight, The Transcendental Part of Chemistry (Folkestone, Kent Dawson, 1978) and, more recently, Mi Gyung Kim, "The Layers of Chemical Language, I Constitution of Bodies v. Structure of Matter," History of Science 30 (1992) 6996. 

For an analysis of the language of "matter," substance," and "body" in natural philosophy, chemistry, and natural history, see Mi Gyung Kim, "Layers of Chemical Language," 7180. Kim similarly analyzes the terms "attraction," "affinity," and "relationship" and "aggregation," "composition," and "constitution."... 

Chemists working on the same problems could only know they were studying the same substances if they spoke the same language. The chemical language, like chemical instruments, defined the discipline.46 The instruments and the nomenclature were illustrated in elaborate diagrams and "tableaus." Lavoisier s "Tableau des substances simples" is one of the most famous. (See fig. 1.) Here he organizes thirty-three simple substances into four categories ... 

Weininger, D.J. SMILES a chemical language and information system. 

This situation persisted up to the nineteenth century. Even Lavoisier, who put so much effort in constructing an unambiguous chemical language, used pictures to represent elements. Lavoisier and his colleagues used letters enclosed in a circle, short... 

Hydrogen peroxide contains 2 parts of hydrogen to even, 2 parts of oxygen. How would you write it in chemical language ... 

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