Social and Environmental Factors

The hazards posed by urban environmental contaminants are not, of course, the only ones posed to ecological and human health. Climate change, access to health care, the provision and maintenance of sanitary and other infrastructure, and numerous other economic and political factors variously impact on ecological and human health in cities. By some measures, and in some locations, urbanites enjoy better health and well-being than their rural counterparts, a difference thought to be due to socioeconomic factors, and access to health care and other social institutions (Perdue et al., 2003). Pohcies to address urban environmental health may be debated within a benefit-risk framework that considers the multiplicity of economic, social and environmental factors that interact and underhe health and well-being. 

The incidence of major congenital anomalies among babies born to epileptic women is about 6-8%, compared with 2-4% in the general population. Although the disease itself and social and environmental factors may play... 

Characteristics of the User Biological Characteristics Psychological Characteristics Social and Environmental Factors Tolerance... 

Theories about the effects of drugs on humans always have taken into account social and environmental factors. 

In summary, the data on prevalence of drinking patterns and problems show that the average U.S. drinker consumes a considerable amount of alcohol in a year. Many personal,. social, and environmental factors arc associated with drinking patterns and drinking problems. Particularly vulnerable in this regard are young adult men (18-25 years old). 

Social and environmental factors, such as urban versus rural residence, gender, age, and racial/ethnic background, are associated with alcohol-consumption rates. The same is true for the prevalence of heavy drinking. 

F Alcohol is correlated with the occurrence of violent behavior, but cognitive, social, and environmental factors must also be used to explain the alcohol-violence association. 

M. Kieman, Panel discussion on Sustainability Social and Environmental Factors in Financial Reporting, held at Cap Gemini Ernst Young Measuring the Future Conference, Cambridge, MA, October 1-3, 2000. Available at http //www.cbi.cgey.com/events/ pubconf/2000-10-4/ session/breakout/index.html sustainability. 

E. Cemichiari, A. Choi, D. Palumbo, and T.W. Clarkson. 1999. Association between prenatal exposure to methylmercury and developmental outcomes in Seychellois children Effect modification by social and environmental factors. Neurotoxicology 20(5) 833-41. 

Depression is caused by a number of factors including genetic predisposition, social and environmental factors, and biologic conditions such as insufficient monoamine neurotransmitter (norepinephrine and serotonin). 

Social conditions also affect the level of reliance on individual recognition. For instance, if a mantis shrimp lives in a solitary manner, or if it encounters many different individuals a day with no repeats, then individual recognition is unlikely to play a pivotal role for that animal. In contrast, social and environmental factors leading to repeat interactions increase the likelihood of individual recognition... 

Because the intellectual impairment of the subcretin is in the realm of mild mental retardation, social and environmental factors will be especially significant in influencing the results obtained. Hence beside the medical and psychological investigation, social history is very important. We have to keep in mind that most of the cretin families lack social stimulation. 

Both social and environmental factors may affect sexual maturation in female house mice (370), female house mice puberty (352, 374), fertility in cotton top tamarins Saguinus oedipus oedipus (371), and the endocrine response of Macaca fascicularis males to receptive females (372). 

One method of effectively dealing with this situation is through Integral Coastal Zone and Harbor Management (ICZ HM), based on a rational decision-making process in which economic, social, and environmental factors are considered. 

Bomschein, R.L., Succop, P., Dietrich, K.N., Clark, C.S., Que Hee, S., Hammond, P.B., 1985. The influence of social and environmental factors on dust lead, hand lead, and blood lead levels in young children. Environ. Res. 38, 108—118. 

It should be noted that these values seem to be rather low. Each fatality prevented on British roads represents an approximate overall saving of 1,3 m and each serious injury prevented represents a saving of 150,000 (Farmer 2004). These analyses are based on economic as well as social and environmental factors including loss of earnings, costs of hospital treatment and other social costs. The value of preventing the road traffic accident may be estimated on the basis of cost-benefit analysis, see e.g. recently revised ISO/CD 2394 (2014). 

Members shall promote the importance of social and environmental factors to professional colleagues, employers and clients with whom they share responsibility and collaborate with other professions to mitigate the adverse impacts of their common endeavours. 

Elderly people are at risk of nutritional deficiency in the western world, probably more due to social and environmental factors than anything else. Sensible advice to avoid nutritional deficiency includes the following ... 

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