Snake American

Bush, M., Smeller, J.M., Charache, P. Arthur, R. (1978) Biological half-life of gentamicin in gopher snakes. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 39,171-173. 

We can distinguish heptachlor from among other types of OCPs it accumulates in slime and hydro-organisms (the accumulation coefficient may reach 1000 and higher), from where it enters other organisms. Thamnophis garter snakes died in North American territories contaminated with heptachlor study showed that those Thamnophis sauritus that died had a heptachlor concentration in their tissues reaching 18.5 mg/kg, while those that survived had no more than 7.9 mg/kg [6]. Heptachlor accumulates in the milk of cows that have eaten feed contaminated by heptachlor [15]. 

Chlordane residue data for amphibians and reptiles are extremely limited. Maximum concentrations of chlordane isomers did not exceed 70 pg/kg FW of oxychlordane in eggs of the American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus, or 250 pg/kg FW in carcass of the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis (Table 13.2). However, California newts, Tarichia torosa, taken near a lake treated with 10 pg/L technical chlordane had greatly elevated chlordane residues in liver and comparatively low concentrations in carcass, stomach, and stomach contents. After 14 days, livers contained about 34 mg/kg total chlordanes lipid weight — about 19% chlordanes, 9% nonachlors, and 6% chlor-denes (Albright et al. 1980). After 2.8 years, 98% of the total chlordanes was lost. 7ra .v-nonachlor was the most persistent component in newt liver, accounting for up to 55% of the total chlordanes in specimens collected 2.8 years after application (Table 13.2) (Albright et al. 1980). 

One of the hrst angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors was teprotide. It is an antihypertensive drug for use after heart attacks. The active ingredient was isolated from the venom of a South American viper snake. Other well-known ACE inhibitors such as captopril and analopril were developed based on modifications to the venom chemical structures. 

Barging salmon down the Columbia and Snake rivers impaired their homing. The fish returned but they did not return upstream to spawn, for unclear reasons. It is possible that they failed to imprint on the home stream when barged. To avoid this problem, spillways are recommended (Lorraine Bodo, American Rivers/Columbia River Alliance). This is reminiscent of trucked reindeer in Sweden (see Section 4.5). 

Blind snakes find their prey by using the prey s pheromones. The wormlike Texas blind snake, Leptotyphlops dulcis, of the southwestern United States leads a subterranean life and feeds on termites and ant brood. It finds ants by following their pheromone trails (Gehlbach etal, 1968). Other blind snakes such as the American blindsnake, Typhlops pusillus (Gehlbach et al, 1971), and the Australian blindsnake, Ramphotyphlops nigrescens (Webb and Shine, 1992), also follow odor trails of ants, their prey. Texas blind snakes are attracted to the simple alkaloid skatole (methyl indole Fig. 12.4), an amine with an unpleasant odor from the ant Neivamyrmex sp. (Watkins etal, 1969). 

Zagreb antivenin European viper venom antisera Polyvalent Crotalidae antivenin Micrurus fulvius antivenin Australian polyvalent antivenins Adder bites One or more species of viper Any one of four species of pit viper (including Western diamond back and South American rattlesnake Eastern coral snake Micrurus fulvius) Any one or combination of black snake, brown snake, death adder, taipan and tiger snake... 

Molossin is a 15 amino acid moiety derived from the snake venom of the American pit viper Crotuluis molossus molossus, encompassing the RGDNP motif which has an affinity for and integrins. A 31 amino acid peptide containing molossin for cellular targeting and an oligolysine of 16 residues (K16) as... 

Echinacea was originally utilized by Native Americans as a blood purifier and was used in the treatment of snake bites, infections, and malignancy. Today, echinacea is promoted primarily in oral dosage forms as an immune stimulant that helps increase resistance to colds, influenza, and other infections, although topical products for wounds and inflammatory skin conditions are also available. 

Entered their world. They took me to a rainforest where everything was magnificently alive and vibrant. Tree roots spiraled like snakes in the rich fecund Earth. The roots became snakes, everything became snakes, as I heard her say, I am Mama Quilla, who is a South American moon goddess. T saw the radiant full moon illuminating a tree where a beautiful white plumed bird roosted in the upper... 

Elapidae venom is composed of different components that vary among species. The venom of North American species contains fractions that are primarily neurotoxic. The venom results in a bulbar-type cranial nerve paralysis. In contrast to Crotalinae species, venom from North American elapids lacks most of the enzymes and spreading factors that cause local tissue destruction. Elapids from countries other than the United States can contain venom components different than that of North American coral snakes. 

Kitchens CS and Van Mierop LHS (1987) Envenomation by the Eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius) a study of 39 victims. Journal of the American Medical Association 258 1615-1618. 

Parrish HM and Khan MS (1967) Bites by coral snakes Report of 11 representative cases. American Journal of Medical Science 253 561-568. 

According to John Alcock, a Behavioral Ecologist at Arizona State University, in the U.S.A. the chance of being poisoned by a snake is 20 times less than that of being hit by lightning and 300 times less than the risk of being murdered by a fellow American. 

Some snakes are amphibious, such as the North American garter snake and the European grass snake. These snakes travel... 

Echinacea angustifolia DC, E. purpurea (L.) Moench, E. pallida (Nutt.) Britton, American cone flower, black susans, comb flower, hedgehog, Indian head, Kansas snakeroot, narrow-leaved purple cone flower, purple cone flower, scurvy root, snake root (Anonymous, 1996)... 

N. Tan and P. Gnanajothy. The biological properties of venoms of some American coral snakes (genus Micrurus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 707B 471 (1992). 

Figure 10.72 (a) Helical screw abont a defined axis, (b) M-helicity and (c) F-helicity, conrtesy of the coils of the Mexican golden tree snake and North American glass snake, respectively. (Both are entirely harmless ) (Serpents from Johnson s Natnral History, illustrated by S. G. Goodrich, Glidersleeve Press NewYork, 1888.) (d) More conventional molecular helices. 

Cabenegrius. Orally active antidotes against snake venoms isolated from the root of a South American plant called "Cabeca de Negra and structurally related to pterocarpin. q.v. Isoln. L. L. Darko el al, Eur. pat. Appl. 89,229 eidem, U.S, pat. 4,429,161 0983, 1984 both to... 

These two compounds (Table 12.1), which were considered to be potent antidotes towards snake and spider venoms, were extracted from the root of a South American plant of unidentified source but known as Cabeca de Negra. Both compounds have been synthesised in racemic form (ref.91). 

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