Smoke munitions generator

Phosphorus smokes are generated by a variety of munitions. Some of these munitions (such as the MA25 155-mm round) may, on explosion, distribute particles of incompletely oxidized white phosphorus. Contact with these particles can cause local burns, and systemic toxicity may occur if therapy is not administered. Therapy consists of topical use of a bicarbonate solution to neutralize phosphoric acids and mechanical removal and debridement of particles. A Wood s lamp in a darkened room may help to identify remaining luminescent particles. 

Naval operations in Pacific waters, particularly in the last two years of the war, were accompanied by an extensive use of smoke. Although the Navy had its own arsenal of smoke munitions, including HC pots and the Besler mechanical generator, its use of CWS equipment was not uncommon. CWS personnel also contributed to the fulfillment of the Navy s smoke mission. 

Airplane spray tanks were not as widely or as frequently employed as smoke pots, grenades, mechanical generators, and other ground smoke munitions. In amphibious landings, paratroop drops, and situations where a wall of protective smoke had to be erected quickly between American and enemy forces, smoke tanks nonetheless proved to be valuable, efficient devices. 

Colored smoke munitions were of small importance when compared to the CWS s 4,2-inch chemical mortars, mechanical smoke generators, incendiary bombs, toxic agents, gas masks, and other items, but they proved their usefulness in special situations and contributed to the success of American troops throughout the war. 

The primary source of perchlorate is the ammonium salt. Ammonium perchlorate is the oxidizer ingredient in solid propellant mixtures for rockets, missiles, and munitions. Other uses of perchlorate salts include medicine, matches, metal cation chemistry, and pyrotechnics (illuminating and signaling flares, colored and white smoke generators, tracers, incendiary delays, fuses, photo-flash compounds, and... 

Soviet investment in chemical warfare expanded considerably in the post-war period. The Military Chemical Forces (VKhV) are a separate arm of the military establishment. Commanded by a three-star general (Colonel-General V. K. Pikalov), these specialist troops consist of units and subunits with responsibilities for chemical defence, radiation and chemical reconnaissance, the operation of flame throwers and smoke generators, the identification of enemy chemical weapon sites and other targets for Soviet chemical strikes, and for the decontamination and deactivation of personnel, weapons, equipment, structures and terrain exposed to radioactive and chemical agents. Apart from the employment of smoke and flame equipment, these chemical troops are trained and equipped for defensive purposes they are not responsible for the delivery of chemical munitions. ... 

When the United States entered the war the long-standing Panama Canal screening project was immediately revived. At the time, the smoke pot was the only screening munition available and it required too many men to make a Panama smoke installation feasible. The stationary generator proved more satisfactory, and, as a consequence, Lt. Gen. Frank M. Andrews, Caribbean Defense Command, recommended that plans for screening in the Department be implemented as soon as possible. By i January 1943 two smoke generator companies had... 

Ammunition is an item containing one or more projectiles, together with propellant needed to impart velocity to the projectile(s) which are propelled from a reusable launcher. The projectiles may be an inert or contain a high explosive, smoke generator, or other energetic composition. The launcher may be a gun. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and U.S. term ammunition is covered by the term munitions, ammunition is a subset of munitions. Ammunition, or ammo, is defined as a device charged with... 

---