Smoke, black colored

Humans have been aware of carbon since the earliest of times. When cave people made a fire, they saw smoke form. The black color of smoke is... 

The black color and dense composition of the smoke puffs suggest that the grease, joint insulation and rubber O-rings in the joint seal were being burned and eroded by the hot propellant gases. 

Phosphorus occurs in three allotropic forms white, red, and black. Of these, white phosphorus was used most often during World War II in military formulations for smoke screens, marker shells, incendiaries, hand grenades, smoke markers, colored flares, and tracer bullets. 

Furan Resins. Furfuryl alcohol is an agricultural by-product, which is polymerized and cured by acid catalysts, producing a very hard plastic that is very resistant to heat, flame (low smoke), water, and chemical attack (Table 3.15). Limitations are black color and brittleness. 

Limits on emissions are both subjective and objective. Subjective limits are based on the visual appearance or smell of an emission. Objective limits are based on physical or chemical measurement of the emission. The most common form of subjective limit is that which regulates the optical density of a stack plume, measured by comparison with a Ringelmann chart (Fig. 25-1). This form of chart has been in use for over 90 years and is widely accepted for grading the blackness of black or gray smoke emissions. Within the past four decades, it has been used as the basis for "equivalent opacity" regulations for grading the optical density of emissions of colors other than black or gray. 

Screening smokes are generally white because black smokes are rarely sufficiently dense. Signal smokes, on the other hand, are colored so as to assure contrast and be distinct in the presence of clouds and ordinary smoke... 

A flow stream produced from boiling water appears white in color. Similar to cloud in the sky, condensed water vapor shows a white color in the atmosphere. Humid air leads to condensation when nucleating materials are present in the atmosphere, producing a white-colored fog. However, condensed water vapor and fog appear as black smoke when the background is brighter than the foreground. 

The use of sulfur as a fuel in pyrotechnic compositions dates back over one thousand years, and the material remains a widely-used component in black powder, colored smoke mixtures, and fireworks compositions. For pyrotechnic purposes, the material termed "flour of sulfur" that has been crystallized from molten sulfur is preferred. Sulfur purified by sublimation - termed "flowers of sulfur" - often contains significant amounts of oxidized, acidic impurities and can be quite hazardous in high-energy mixtures, especially those containing a chlorate oxidizer [11]. 

In the following year, however, he concluded that tire mineral contained neither bismuth sulfide nor antimony, that the gold was an essential constituent of it, and that it contained an unknown metal. In an investigation lasting three years and consisting of more than fifty tests, he determined the specific gravity of the mineral and noted the radish odor of the white smoke which passed off when the new metal was heated, the red color which the metal imparts to sulfuric acid, and the black precipitate which this solution gives when diluted with water (3). 

Black smoke is typically produced in diesel engines operating at or near full load. This occurs because the fuel volume injected exceeds the volume of air available in the combustion chamber needed for complete combustion of fuel carbon. Carbon particles and soot form to give the smoke a black or dark gray color. 

Bosch Number A measurement of diesel exhaust smoke color clear = 0 black = 10. 

PS is soluble in aromatic hydrocarbon solvents and is resistant to aqueous solutions of nonoxidizing acids, alkalis, and salts. It is attacked by chlorine and oxidizing acids, such as 25% nitric and 95% sulfuric adds. In the absence of flame retardants, this aromatic hydrocarbon polymer burns readily and produces considerable amounts of black smoke. The latter is due to the formation of highly colored cyclic byproducts as the PS is burned. 

NS 5%(suitable for ignition rather than for detonation) and b)K chlorate 55 Pb thiocyanate 45% E)Colored smokes K chlorate 22-33, dye 30-50, Na or K bicarbonate 3-10, confectioner s sugar or lactose 20-35, kerosene or paraffin oil 2-4, kieselguhr 0-4 red iron oxide 0-3% F) Plastic Bonded colored smoke K chlorate 23, dye 51, sugar 18 K bicarbonate 8% combined with 2.2 parts of polyvinyl acetate plasticized by dichloro-methane and dried by evapn G) Cap mixtures a)K chlorate 67, red P 27, S 3 pptd Ca carbonate 3%, bound with unspecified amt of gum water and b)K chlorate 61, red P 4, black Sb sulfide 21,pptd Ca carbonate 2 animal glue 12% H)Railroad torpedo K chlorate 40, S 16, sand(60 mesh) 37, binder 5 8r neutralizer 2% I)Whistling compns K chlorate 73-77, gallic acid 24-19 red gum 3-4%(Ref 26,pp 270-80)... 

K chlorate 4.0 to 12.0 Amm acid fluoride 2.0 tc 8.0 parts. This compn, when ignited by a flame, produced on burning a heavy copipus, lavender-gray smoke and sublimate b)When using mono- or tri-chloroacetic acid in previous mixt, instead of fluoride, the color of smoke produced was grayish-black to blackish c)Equal parts of chromic oxide,... 

Smoke shells and rockets are used to produce smoke clouds for military signaling and, in daylight fireworks, for ornamental effects. The shell case or rocket head is filled with a fine powder of the desired color, which powdered material need not necessarily be one which will tolerate heat, and this is dispersed in the form of a colored cloud by the explosion of a small bag of gunpowder placed as near to its center as may be. Artificial vermilion (red), ultramarine (blue), Paris green, chrome yellow, chalk, and ivory black are among the materials which have been used, but almost any material which has a bright color when powdered and which does not cake together may be employed. 

As in Experiments 12 and 13 the solid effervesces in the concentrated sulphuric acid and the gas evolved fogs the breath (even more markedly in this case), turns litmus red, and gives a dense smoke with ammonia. When the tube is warmed, the beautiful purple iodine vapor is seen inside and nearly black crystals collect on the cooler upper walls. Lead acetate paper is colored dark brown. Sometimes a powdery light yellow substance (sulphur) is seen collecting on the walls of the tube. 

The interior surfaces of the skylight windows of the Technical Library in the Research Building are covered with 3M Scotchtint Solar Control Film, attached at the top and bottom by rods. This screening material is made of a flexible polyester film of 15/1000" total thickness and is aluminum vapor coated. The color selected was smoke (grey black) and,... 

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