Smallpox vaccines

Smallpox vaccine Smalt Smaltite SMA resins SMART Smart catalysts Smart gels Smart hydrogels Smart material Smart materials... 

A vaccine is a preparation used to prevent a specific infectious disease by inducing immunity in the host against the pathogenic microorganism. The practice is also called immunization. The first human immunization was performed in 1796 by Edward Jenner in England which led to the discovery of smallpox vaccine. However, classical vaccinology developed 100 years later, after the work by Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are causes of diseases. 

Methisa2one [1910-68-5] C qH qN OS (l-methyl-3-thiosemicarba2one of 2-oxoindole, (7), one of the more active in the isatin-3-thiosernicarba2one [487-16-1] series, has been used in the treatment and prevention of smallpox and vaccinia infections that develop as complications of smallpox vaccination... 

Viruses replicate only in living cells so the first viral vaccines were necessarily made in animals smallpox vaccine in the dermis of calves and sheep and rabies vaccines in the spinal cords of rabbits and the brains of mice. Such methods are no longer used in advanced vaccine production and the only intact animal hosts that are used are embryonated hens eggs. Almost all of the vims that is needed for viral vaccine production is obtained from cell cultures infected with vims of the appropriate strain. 

Viral vaccines less generally available than those listed in die table include Congo Crimean haemorrhagic fever vaccine, dengue fever vaccine, Japanese encephalitis B vaccine, smallpox vaccine, tick borne encephalitis vaccine, and Venezuelan encephalitis vaccine. 

No medical or therapeutic procedure comes without some risk to the patient. All possible steps are taken to ensure safely, quahty and efficacy of vaccines and immunological products (Chapter 15). The risks associated with immunization procedures must be constantly reviewed and balanced against the risks of, and associated with, contracting the disease, hi this respect, smallpox vaccination in the UK was abandoned in the mid 1970s as the risks associated with vaccination then exceeded the predicted number of deaths that would follow importation of the disease. Shortly after this, in 1980, The World Health Assembly pronounced the world to be free of smallpox. Similarly, the incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis in the USA and UK in 1996 was low but the majority of cases related to vaccine use. As the worldwide elimination of poliomyelitis approaches, there is much debate as to the value of the vaccine outside of an endemic area. 

Signs and Symptoms Clinical symptoms in humans similar to that seen in smallpox although often milder. Symptoms include extreme fatigue, fever, muscular, and back pain, with evolution of discolored spots (maculas) progressing successively to elevated bumps (papules), blisters (vesicles), pus filled pimples (pustules), and finally scabs. In addition, infected persons experience enlarged neck and groin lymph nodes. Vaccination with the smallpox vaccine immunizes against monkeypox. 

Vaccines Vaccinia virus is a live poxvirus that can lead to strong cross-protection to smallpox for about five years, plus partial protection for ten or more years. If your are old enough, or have been in military service in recent years, you may have been vaccinated with this vaccine administered by dermal scarification, or intra-dermal jet injection. However, certain persons should NOT receive smallpox vaccine, including persons who are pregnant, persons who underwent a clinical immunosuppresion, persons with eczema, or persons with leukemia or lymphoma. 

Scarification The making of a number of superficial incisions in the skin. It is the technique used to administer tularemia and smallpox vaccines. 

If I am concerned about a smallpox attack, can I go to my doctor and request the smallpox vaccine ... 

Are some people still receiving the smallpox vaccination today ... 

D What are the risks of the smallpox vaccines Are there side effects ... 

Do other countries have smallpox vaccine stores ... 

When will additional smallpox vaccine be ready ... 

Is it possible for someone to receive the smallpox vaccine and have it not take, i.e., work How does someone who has been vaccinated for smallpox know that he or she is immune or that the vaccine has taken ... 

Would a more diluted smallpox vaccine be an effective booster shot ... 

Is there a risk of accidental exposure to persons involved in the production of smallpox vaccine ... 

Who is asking for volunteers to receive the smallpox vaccine Who should people call if interested in volunteering ... 

Vaccination is not recommended, and the vaccine is not available to health providers or the public. In the absence of a confirmed case of smallpox anywhere in the world, there is no need to be vaccinated against smallpox. There also can be severe side effects to the smallpox vaccine, which is another reason we do not recommend vaccination. In the event of an outbreak, the CDC has clear guidelines to swiftly provide vaccine to people exposed to this disease. The vaccine is securely stored for use in the case of an outbreak. In addition, Secretary of Health and Human Services Tommy Thompson recently announced plans to accelerate production of a new smallpox vaccine. 

Yes. In 2000, CDC awarded a contract to a vaccine manufacturer to produce additional doses of smallpox vaccine. 

No, smallpox vaccine does not contain smallpox virus but another live virus called vaccinia virus. Since this virus is related to smallpox virus, vaccination with vaccina provides immunity against infection from smallpox virus. 

How can we stop the spread of smallpox after someone comes down with it Symptomatic patients with suspected or confirmed smallpox are capable of spreading the virus. Patients should be placed in medical isolation so that they will not continue to spread the virus. In addition, people who have come into close contact with smallpox patients should be vaccinated immediately and closely watched for symptoms of smallpox. Vaccine and isolation are the strategies for stopping the spread of smallpox. 

The last known naturally occurring case of smallpox occurred in Somalia in 1977. In May 1980, the World Health Assembly certified that the world was free of naturally occurring smallpox. By the 1960s, because of vaccination programs and quarantine regulations, the risk for importation of smallpox into the United States had been reduced. As a result, recommendations for routine smallpox vaccination were rescinded in 1971. In 1976, the recommendation for routine smallpox vaccination of health-care workers was also discontinued. In 1982, the only active licensed producer of vaccinia vaccine in the United States discontinued production for general use, and in 1983, distribution to the civilian population was discontinued. All military personnel continued to be vaccinated, but that practice ceased in 1990. Since January 1982, smallpox vaccination has not been required for international travelers, and International Certificates of Vaccination forms no longer include a space to record smallpox vaccination. 

In addition to the stock of smallpox vaccine in the US, an additional 50-100 million doses are estimated to exist worldwide. Many countries still hold smallpox vaccine (vaccinia) stocks. WHO recommends that countries that still have stocks of smallpox vaccine (vaccinia) maintain these stocks. This recommendation has been made for two reasons. Firstly, small amounts of vaccine are still needed to vaccinate laboratory personnel handling vaccinia virus and other members of this virus family. Some of these viruses are found in nature and cause illness among animals, and some are used in research to make new, safer vaccines against a variety of infectious diseases. Secondly, smallpox vaccine, vaccinia, will also be needed in case of a deliberate or accidental release of smallpox virus, variola. 

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