Cross-protection

Cross protection is well known in plant pathology, where inoculation with one virus, for example, can give a highly specific protection against subsequent infections by that virus (Sequiera, 1983). More interestingly in... 

Vaccines Vaccinia virus is a live poxvirus that can lead to strong cross-protection to smallpox for about five years, plus partial protection for ten or more years. If your are old enough, or have been in military service in recent years, you may have been vaccinated with this vaccine administered by dermal scarification, or intra-dermal jet injection. However, certain persons should NOT receive smallpox vaccine, including persons who are pregnant, persons who underwent a clinical immunosuppresion, persons with eczema, or persons with leukemia or lymphoma. 

And there are suggestions that some type of cross-protection may occur, whereby exposure to ozone provides some protection against other irritant oxidants. Analogues for all these phenomena should be sought in human populations, and methods should be devised for assessing their significance for human health. 

Gemmell, M.A. (1967) Species specific and cross-protective functional antigens of the tapeworm embryo. Nature 213, 500-501. 

Di Padova, F., Brade, H., Barclay, G.R., Poxton, I.R., Liehl, E., Schuetze, E., Kocher, H.P., Ramsay, G., Schreier, M.H., McClelland, D.B.L., Rietschel, E.T. A broadly cross-protective monoclonal antibody binding to Escherichia coli and Salmonella lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 61 (1993) 3863-3872. 

Muller-Loennies, S., Brade, L., MacKenzie, C.R., DiPadova, F.E., Brade, H. Identification of a cross-reactive epitope widely present in lipopolysaccharide from enterobacteria and recognized by the cross-protective monoclonal antibody WN1 222-5. J Biol Chem 278 (2003) 25618-25627. 

The existence of an immune system in mammals, highly effective in protecting against disease after recovery from an initial infection, also has not prevented periodic catastrophic epidemics and epizootics. However, an astute English country doctor, Edward Jenner, noted immunological cross protection against deadly smallpox in English milkmaids who had recovered from mild cowpox. Despite skepticism, ridicule and even hostility of many of his peers, Jenner developed vaccination as one of the safest and most effective mammalian disease preventive measures known. We hope and believe that the same can be accomplished for plants. 

Chalker-Scott, L., Scott, J. D., 2004. Elevated ultraviolet-B radiation induces cross protection to cold in leaves of Rhododendron under field conditions. Photochem. Photobiol. 76 199-204. 

The natural occurrence of cross-protective organisms of low pathogenicity seems to be a rare event and attenuated strains have usually had to be selected by laboratory manipulation. Thus the bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) strain of Mycobacterium bovis used to protect against human tuber-... 

Leyer, G.J. and Johnson, E. A. 1993. Acid adaptation induces cross-protection against environmental stresses in Salmonella typhimurium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59 1842-1847. 

Greenacre, E.J. and Brocklehurst, T.F. 2006. The acetic acid tolerance response induces cross-protection to salt stress in Salmonella typhimurium. International Journal of Food Microbiology 112 62-65. 

Moll, K., Pettersson, F., Vogt, A. M., Jonsson, C., Rasti, N., Ahuja, S., Spangberg, M., Mercer-eau-Puijalon, O., Arnot, D. E., Wahlgren, M., and Chen, Q. (2007). Generation of cross-protective antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum sequestration by immunization with an erythrocyte membrane protein 1-Duffy binding-like 1 alpha domain. Infect. Immun. 75, 211-219. 

D. Vaccine/Prophylaxis. Smallpox vaccine (vaccinia virus) is a licensed live poxvirus vaccine that induces strong cross-protection against smallpox. Reliable data are sparse as to efficacy and durability of protection. The duration vaccinia induced immunity is at least 3 years. Vaccine immunity may prevent or modify illness. Fully immune individuals exposed to the virus by the respiratory route may develop fever, sore throat, and conjunctivitis ("contact fever") lasting several days. The vaccine is administered by dermal scarification or intradermal jet injection. The appearance of a vesicle or pustule within several days indicates that the vaccine will be effective. Other available countermeasures include the postexposure use of Vaccinia immune globulin or primary vaccination within 3-4 days of exposure yields some protection. 

Key Words Abiotic stress acquired tolerance antioxidant breeding crop plants cross protection functional genomics heat shock heat shock factors heat shock proteins hydrogen peroxide oxidative stress reactive oxygen species signaling pathways stress tolerance transgenic plants. 

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