Calculation sheets

Figure 26.3 Air-conditioning load calculation sheet (part) (Courtesy of the Electricity Council)...

The line pressure-drop calculation is set out on the calculation sheet shown in Table 5.4. Pump selection ... 

Figure 6.17. I-V curve for CuGaS2 thin film. The linear region below 3.0 x 10 5 amps was used to calculate sheet resistance.

The costs of erection and commissioning of even a very complex micro structured reactor plant are, of course, comparably small. This means that the basic design of a micro structured reactor plant is extremely expensive and attention should be given to minimizing costs, for example, by the application of calculation sheets, the standardization of complete process units or the use of process simulation or planning tools such as AspenPlus . The reduction of this cost factor remains a future task of micro technology. 

Eleven different raw materials can be presented simultaneously, and used for simulation (Fig. 3.2). New raw materials can directly be input in the master sheet, or they can first be saved in the Raw Material Input Data sheet and then copied to the master Blend Calculation sheet. During input, the sum line will automatically show the sum of Fatty Acids. This number should be very close to 100% after correct data input. 

Table 5.37 Calculation sheet for the analysis of an EVOP process (example 5.5.7.1). o.d — old deviations, n.d — new deviations.

Concentration Determination of In-Process Samples. The concentration of the unisolated desired product in solution at a particular intermediate step may also need to be determined by HPLC. A data calculation sheet such as Excel with the response factors of the standards and the dilution factor of the sample could be incorporated in the data calculation sheet prior to injection of reaction sample to facilitate the results reporting for the concentration of the intermediate in solution. Hence, only the area of the desired intermediate in solution needs to be populated in the spreadsheet, and the concentration result then can be determined. The determined concentration of the intermediate in solution ensures adequate charging of the raw materials used in the further steps of the synthesis. Also, this intermediate in solution is sometimes further concentrated and the concentration is monitored until the desired concentration is obtained. A solvent switch step is sometimes performed, and the HPLC method must be able to selectively separate the reaction solvents (if they are UV active) from the desired intermediate and potential impurities that may be formed. These reaction solvents may include toluene, inhibited THF with cresol or BHT (if inhibited with BFIT, this is very hydrophobic, so proper elution of this additive may be necessary), ethyl acetate, and so on. Sample preparation here is also important, and the appropriate diluent must be determined to ensure solubility of all components and no reactivity with the sample analyte. 

The design engineer should develop the habit of setting out calculations so that they can be easily understood and checked by others. It is good practice to include on calculation sheets the basis of the calculations, and any assumptions and approximations made, in sufficient detail for the methods, as well as the arithmetic, to be checked. Design calculations are normally set out on standard sheets. The heading at the top of each sheet should include the project title and identification number, the revision number and date and, most importantly, the signature (or initials) of the person who... 

The line pressure-drop calculation is set out on the calculation sheet shown in Table 5.5. A blank version of this calculation sheet can be found in Appendix G and is also available in MS Excel format at http //books.elsevier.com/companions. 

---